NAME

Class::InsideOut::Manual::About - guide to this and other implementations of the inside-out technique

VERSION

This documentation refers to version 1.10

DESCRIPTION

This manual provides an overview of the inside-out technique and its application within Class::InsideOut and other modules. It also provides a list of references for further study.

Inside-out object basics

Inside-out objects use the blessed reference as an index into lexical data structures holding object properties, rather than using the blessed reference itself as a data structure.

  $self->{ name }        = "Larry"; # classic, hash-based object
  $name{ refaddr $self } = "Larry"; # inside-out

The inside-out approach offers three major benefits:

Enforced encapsulation: object properties cannot be accessed directly from ouside the lexical scope that declared them
Making the property name part of a lexical variable rather than a hash-key means that typos in the name will be caught as compile-time errors (if using strict)
If the memory address of the blessed reference is used as the index, the reference can be of any type

In exchange for these benefits, robust implementation of inside-out objects can be quite complex. Class::InsideOut manages that complexity.

Philosophy of `Class::InsideOut`

Class::InsideOut provides a set of tools for building safe inside-out classes with maximum flexibility.

It aims to offer minimal restrictions beyond those necessary for robustness of the inside-out technique. All capabilities necessary for robustness should be automatic. Anything that can be optional should be. The design should not introduce new restrictions unrelated to inside-out objects, such as attributes and CHECK blocks that cause problems for mod_perl or the use of source filters for syntatic sugar.

As a result, only a few things are mandatory:

Properties must be based on hashes and declared via property
Property hashes must be keyed on the Scalar::Util::refaddr
register must be called on all new objects

All other implementation details, including constructors, initializers and class inheritance management are left to the user (though a very simple constructor is available as a convenience). This does requires some additional work, but maximizes freedom. Class::InsideOut is intended to be a base class providing only fundamental features. Subclasses of Class::InsideOut could be written that build upon it to provide particular styles of constructor, destructor and inheritance support.

Other modules on CPAN

Object::InsideOut -- This is perhaps the most full-featured, robust implementation of inside-out objects currently on CPAN. It is highly recommended if a more full-featured inside-out object builder is needed. Its array-based mode is faster than hash-based implementations, but black-box inheritance is handled via delegation, which imposes certain limitations.

Class::Std -- Despite the name, this does not reflect currently known best practices for inside-out objects. Does not provide thread-safety with CLONE and doesn't support black-box inheritance. Has a robust inheritance/initialization system.

Class::BuildMethods -- Generates accessors with encapsulated storage using a flyweight inside-out variant. Lexicals properties are hidden; accessors must be used everywhere. Not thread-safe.

Lexical::Attributes -- The original inside-out implementation, but missing some key features like thread-safety. Also, uses source filters to provide Perl-6-like object syntax. Not thread-safe.

Class::MakeMethods::Templates::InsideOut -- Not a very robust implementation. Not thread-safe. Not overloading-safe. Has a steep learning curve for the Class::MakeMethods system.

Object::LocalVars -- My own original thought experiment with 'outside-in' objects and local variable aliasing. Not safe for any production use and offers very weak encapsulation.

References for further study

Much of the Perl community discussion of inside-out objects has taken place on Perlmonks (http://perlmonks.org). My scratchpad there has a fairly comprehensive list of articles (http://perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=360998). Some of the more informative articles include:

Abigail-II. "Re: Where/When is OO useful?". July 1, 2002. http://perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=178518
Abigail-II. "Re: Tutorial: Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming". December 11, 2002. http://perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=219131
demerphq. "Yet Another Perl Object Model (Inside Out Objects)". December 14, 2002. http://perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=219924
xdg. "Threads and fork and CLONE, oh my!". August 11, 2005. http://perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=483162
jdhedden. "Anti-inside-out-object-ism". December 9, 2005. http://perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=515650

AUTHOR

David A. Golden (DAGOLDEN)

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at L<http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0>

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.

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