#
# BioPerl module for Bio::DB::Taxonomy::list
#
# Please direct questions and support issues to <bioperl-l@bioperl.org>
#
# Cared for by Sendu Bala <bix@sendu.me.uk>
#
# Copyright Sendu Bala
#
# You may distribute this module under the same terms as perl itself
# POD documentation - main docs before the code
=head1 NAME
Bio::DB::Taxonomy::list - An implementation of Bio::DB::Taxonomy
that accepts lists of words to build a database
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use Bio::DB::Taxonomy;
my $db = Bio::DB::Taxonomy->new( -source => 'list' );
my @ranks = ('superkingdom', 'class', 'genus', 'species');
my @names = ('Eukaryota', 'Mammalia', 'Homo', 'Homo sapiens');
$db->add_lineage(-names => \@names, -ranks => \@ranks);
@names = ('Eukaryota', 'Mammalia', 'Mus', 'Mus musculus');
$db->add_lineage(-names => \@names, -ranks => \@ranks);
=head1 DESCRIPTION
This is an implementation which uses supplied lists of words to create a
database from which you can extract Bio::Taxon objects.
=head1 TODO
It is possible this module could do something like store the data it builds
up to disc. Would that be useful?
At any rate, this is why the module is called 'list' and not 'in_memory' or
similar.
=head1 FEEDBACK
=head2 Mailing Lists
User feedback is an integral part of the evolution of this and other
Bioperl modules. Send your comments and suggestions preferably to
the Bioperl mailing list. Your participation is much appreciated.
bioperl-l@bioperl.org - General discussion
http://bioperl.org/wiki/Mailing_lists - About the mailing lists
=head2 Support
Please direct usage questions or support issues to the mailing list:
I<bioperl-l@bioperl.org>
rather than to the module maintainer directly. Many experienced and
reponsive experts will be able look at the problem and quickly
address it. Please include a thorough description of the problem
with code and data examples if at all possible.
=head2 Reporting Bugs
Report bugs to the Bioperl bug tracking system to help us keep track
of the bugs and their resolution. Bug reports can be submitted via
the web:
https://github.com/bioperl/bioperl-live/issues
=head1 AUTHOR - Sendu Bala
Email bix@sendu.me.uk
=head1 APPENDIX
The rest of the documentation details each of the object methods.
Internal methods are usually preceded with a _
=cut
# Let the code begin...
package Bio::DB::Taxonomy::list;
use strict;
use Bio::Taxon;
use base qw(Bio::DB::Taxonomy);
our $prefix = 'list';
=head2 new
Title : new
Usage : my $obj = Bio::DB::Taxonomy::list->new();
Function: Builds a new Bio::DB::Taxonomy::list object
Returns : an instance of Bio::DB::Taxonomy::list
Args : optional, as per the add_lineage() method.
=cut
sub new {
my ($class, @args) = @_;
my $self = $class->SUPER::new(@args);
my %args = @args;
delete $args{'-source'};
$self->add_lineage(%args) if %args;
return $self;
}
=head2 add_lineage
Title : add_lineage
Usage : my @names = ('Eukaryota', 'Mammalia', 'Homo', 'Homo sapiens');
my @ranks = ('superkingdom', 'class', 'genus', 'species');
$db->add_lineage( -names => \@names, -ranks => \@ranks );
Function: Add a lineage to the database, where the lineage is described by
a list of scientific names in the order root->leaf. The rank of each
name can optionally be described by supplying an additional list
of rank names in the same order (eg. superkingdom->species).
Returns : 1 for success
Args : -names => [] : array ref of scientific names, REQUIRED
-ranks => [] : array ref of rank names, same order as above, OPTIONAL
=cut
sub add_lineage {
my ($self, @args) = @_;
my ($names, $ranks) = $self->_rearrange([qw (NAMES RANKS)], @args);
$self->throw("-names must be supplied and its value must be an array reference")
unless $names && ref($names) eq 'ARRAY';
my $names_idx = scalar @$names - 1;
if ($ranks) {
$self->throw("-ranks must be an array reference")
unless ref($ranks) eq 'ARRAY';
$self->throw("The -names and -ranks lists must be of equal length")
unless $names_idx == scalar @$ranks - 1;
}
# This is non-trivial because names are not guaranteed unique in a taxonomy,
# and neither are name&rank combinations. Furthermore, different name&rank
# combinations can actually refer to the same taxon, eg. when one time
# 'Homo'&'genus' is supplied, while another time 'Homo'&'no rank'.
#
# name&rank&ancestor could well be unique (or good enough 99.9999% of the
# time), but we have the added complication that lineages could sometimes be
# supplied with differing numbers of taxa. Ideally we want to realise that
# the first of these two lineages shares all its nodes with the second:
# ('Mammalia', 'Homo', 'Homo sapiens')
# ('Mammalia', 'Hominidae', 'Homo', 'Homo sapiens')
#
# Clearly with limited information we can't do a perfect job, but we can try
# and do a reasonable one. So, let's just do the trivial implementation now
# and see how bad it is! (assumes ranks are unique except for 'no rank')
my $ancestors = $self->{ancestors};
my $node_data = $self->{node_data};
my $name_to_id = $self->{name_to_id};
my $children = $self->{children};
my $my_ancestor_id = '';
my @node_ids;
for my $i (0 .. $names_idx) {
my $name = $names->[$i];
my $rank = $ranks->[$i]; # if undef, this node has 'no rank'
# This is a new node with a new id if we haven't seen this name before.
# It's also always a new node if this is the first lineage going into
# the db.
#
# We need to handle, however, situations in the future where we try to
# merge in a new lineage but we have non-unique names in the lineage
# and possible missing classes in some lineages, e.g.
# '... Anophelinae, Anopheles, Anopheles, Angusticorn, Anopheles...'
# merged with
# '... Anophelinae, Anopheles, Angusticorn, Anopheles...'),
# but still need the 'tree' to be correct
# Look for a node that is consistent with this lineage
my $node_id;
SAME_NAMED: for my $same_id (@{$name_to_id->{$name}}) {
# Taxa are the same if it they have the same ancestor or none
my $this_ancestor_id = $ancestors->{$same_id} || '';
if ($my_ancestor_id eq $this_ancestor_id) {
$node_id = $same_id;
last SAME_NAMED;
}
# Compare children
next if $i >= $names_idx; # this taxon has no child
my $my_child_name = $names->[$i + 1];
#while ( my ($this_child_id, undef) = each %{$children->{$same_id}} ) {
for my $this_child_id (keys %{$children->{$same_id}}) {
if ($my_child_name eq $node_data->{$this_child_id}->[0]) { # both children have same name
if ($my_ancestor_id) {
my @s_ancestors;
while ($this_ancestor_id = $ancestors->{$this_ancestor_id}) {
if ($my_ancestor_id eq $this_ancestor_id) {
$my_ancestor_id = $ancestors->{$same_id};
push @node_ids, @s_ancestors, $my_ancestor_id;
$node_id = $same_id;
last SAME_NAMED;
}
unshift @s_ancestors, $this_ancestor_id;
}
} else {
# This new lineage (@$names) doesn't start at the
# same root as the existing lineages. Assuming
# '$name' corresponds to node $same_id");
$node_id = $same_id;
last SAME_NAMED;
}
}
}
}
if (not defined $node_id) {
# This is a new node. Add it to the database, using the prefix 'list'
# for its ID to distinguish it from the IDs from other taxonomies.
my $next_num = ++$self->{node_ids};
$node_id = $prefix.$next_num;
push @{$self->{name_to_id}->{$name}}, $node_id;
$self->{node_data}->{$node_id}->[0] = $name;
}
if ( (defined $rank) && (not defined $node_data->{$node_id}->[1]) ) {
# Save rank if node in database has no rank but the current node has one
$self->{node_data}->{$node_id}->[1] = $rank;
}
if ($my_ancestor_id) {
if ($self->{ancestors}->{$node_id} && $self->{ancestors}->{$node_id} ne $my_ancestor_id) {
$self->throw("The lineage '".join(', ', @$names)."' and a ".
"previously stored lineage share a node name but have ".
"different ancestries for that node. Can't cope!");
}
$self->{ancestors}->{$node_id} = $my_ancestor_id;
}
$my_ancestor_id = $node_id;
push @node_ids, $node_id;
}
# Go through the lineage in reverse so we can remember the children
for (my $i = $names_idx - 1; $i >= 0; $i--) {
$self->{children}->{$node_ids[$i]}->{$node_ids[$i+1]} = undef;
}
return 1;
}
=head2 Bio::DB::Taxonomy Interface implementation
=head2 get_num_taxa
Title : get_num_taxa
Usage : my $num = $db->get_num_taxa();
Function: Get the number of taxa stored in the database.
Returns : A number
Args : None
=cut
sub get_num_taxa {
my ($self) = @_;
return $self->{node_ids} || 0;
}
=head2 get_taxon
Title : get_taxon
Usage : my $taxon = $db->get_taxon(-taxonid => $taxonid)
Function: Get a Bio::Taxon object from the database.
Returns : Bio::Taxon object
Args : A single value which is the ID of the taxon to retrieve
OR named args, as follows:
-taxonid => Taxonomy ID (NB: these are not NCBI taxonomy ids but
'list' pre-fixed ids unique to the list database).
OR
-name => String (to query by a taxonomy name). A given taxon name
can match different taxonomy objects. When that is the
case, a warning is displayed and the first matching taxon
is reported. See get_taxonids() to get all matching taxon
IDs.
OR
-names => Array ref of lineage names, like in add_lineage(). To
overcome the limitations of -name, you can use -names to
provide the full lineage of the taxon you want and get a
unique, unambiguous taxon object.
=cut
sub get_taxon {
my ($self, @args) = @_;
my $taxonid;
if (scalar @args == 1) {
# Argument is a taxon ID
$taxonid = $args[0];
} else {
# Got named arguments
my ($name, $names);
($taxonid, $name, $names) = $self->_rearrange([qw(TAXONID NAME NAMES)], @args);
if ($name) {
$names = [$name];
}
if ($names) {
$name = $names->[-1];
my @taxonids = $self->get_taxonids($name);
$taxonid = $taxonids[0];
# Use provided lineage to find correct ID amongst several matching IDs
if ( (scalar @taxonids > 1) && (scalar @$names > 1) ) {
for my $query_taxonid (@taxonids) {
my $matched = 1;
my $db_ancestor = $self->get_taxon($query_taxonid);
for (my $i = $#$names-1; $i >= 0; $i--) {
my $query_ancestor_name = $names->[$i];
$db_ancestor = $db_ancestor->ancestor;
my $db_ancestor_name = '';
if ($db_ancestor) {
$db_ancestor_name = $db_ancestor->node_name;
}
if (not ($query_ancestor_name eq $db_ancestor_name) ) {
$matched = 0;
last; # done testing this taxonid
}
}
if ($matched == 1) {
@taxonids = [$query_taxonid];
$taxonid = $query_taxonid;
last; # done testing all taxonids
}
}
}
# Warn if several taxon IDs matched
if (scalar @taxonids > 1) {
$self->warn("There were multiple ids (@taxonids) matching '$name',".
" using '$taxonid'") if scalar @taxonids > 1;
}
}
}
# Now that we have the taxon ID, retrieve the corresponding Taxon object
my $taxon;
my $node = $self->{node_data}->{$taxonid};
if ($node) {
my ($sci_name, $rank) = @$node;
$taxon = Bio::Taxon->new(
-name => $sci_name,
-object_id => $taxonid, # not an ncbi taxid, simply an object id
);
if ($rank) {
$taxon->rank($rank);
}
# we can't use -dbh or the db_handle() method ourselves or we'll go
# infinite on the merge attempt
$taxon->{'db_handle'} = $self;
$self->_handle_internal_id($taxon, 1);
}
return $taxon;
}
*get_Taxonomy_Node = \&get_taxon;
=head2 get_taxonids
Title : get_taxonids
Usage : my @taxonids = $db->get_taxonids('Homo sapiens');
Function: Searches for a taxonid (generated by the list module) based on a
query string. Note that multiple taxonids can match to the same
supplied name.
Returns : array of integer ids in list context, one of these in scalar context
Args : string representing taxon's name
=cut
sub get_taxonids {
my ($self, $name) = @_;
return wantarray() ? @{$self->{name_to_id}->{$name} || []} : $self->{name_to_id}->{$name}->[0];
}
*get_taxonid = \&get_taxonids;
=head2 ancestor
Title : ancestor
Usage : my $ancestor_taxon = $db->ancestor($taxon)
Function: Retrieve the full ancestor taxon of a supplied Taxon from the
database.
Returns : Bio::Taxon
Args : Bio::Taxon (that was retrieved from this database)
=cut
sub ancestor {
my ($self, $taxon) = @_;
$taxon || return; # for bug 2092, or something similar to it at least: shouldn't need this!
$self->throw("Must supply a Bio::Taxon") unless ref($taxon) && $taxon->isa('Bio::Taxon');
$self->throw("The supplied Taxon must belong to this database")
unless $taxon->db_handle && $taxon->db_handle eq $self;
my $id = $taxon->id || $self->throw("The supplied Taxon is missing its id!");
my $ancestor_id = $self->{ancestors}->{$id} || return;
return $self->get_taxon($ancestor_id);
}
=head2 each_Descendent
Title : each_Descendent
Usage : my @taxa = $db->each_Descendent($taxon);
Function: Get all the descendents of the supplied Taxon (but not their
descendents, ie. not a recursive fetchall).
Returns : Array of Bio::Taxon objects
Args : Bio::Taxon (that was retrieved from this database)
=cut
sub each_Descendent {
my ($self, $taxon) = @_;
$self->throw("Must supply a Bio::Taxon") unless ref($taxon) && $taxon->isa('Bio::Taxon');
$self->throw("The supplied Taxon must belong to this database")
unless $taxon->db_handle && $taxon->db_handle eq $self;
my $id = $taxon->id || $self->throw("The supplied Taxon is missing its id!");
my @children;
while ( my ($child_id, undef) = each %{$self->{children}->{$id}} ) {
push @children, ($self->get_taxon($child_id) || next);
}
return @children;
}
1;