NAME
    Tie::Array::Pack - An array implemented as a packed string

SYNOPSIS
      use Tie::Array::Pack
      tie @array, Tie::Array::Pack => 'd';
      $array[$_] = rand() for (1..1e6); # slow but memory-efficient

INSTALLATION
    To install this module type the following as usual.

       perl Makefile.PL
       make
       make test
       make install

DESCRIPTION
    One of the drawbacks for using Perl's native array is that it is a
    memory-hog. Normally it takes 20 bytes a scalar (16 bytes for scalar +
    overhead). This can be a problem when you need to handle millions of
    numbers in-memory. This module saves memory in exchange for speed.

    With this module all you have to do is

      tie @array, Tie::Array::Pack => $fmt

    where $fmt is one of the following that is supported by pack().

        c   A signed char value.
        C   An unsigned char value.
        s   A signed short value.
        S   An unsigned short value.
        i   A signed integer value.
        I   An unsigned integer value.
        l   A signed long value.
        L   An unsigned long value.
        n   An unsigned short in "network" (big-endian) order.
        N   An unsigned long in "network" (big-endian) order.
        v   An unsigned short in "VAX" (little-endian) order.
        V   An unsigned long in "VAX" (little-endian) order.
        q   A signed quad (64-bit) value.
        Q   An unsigned quad value.
        j   A signed integer value (a Perl internal integer, IV).
        J   An unsigned integer value (a Perl internal unsigned integer, UV).
        f   A single-precision float in the native format.
        d   A double-precision float in the native format.
        F   A floating point value in the native native format
        D   A long double-precision float in the native format.

    If the format is not supported, it simply croaks.

  EXPORT
    None.

  EMPTY ELEMENT
    You can optionally specify the value which spefies the empty element as
    follows;

      tie @array, Tie::Array::Pack => l, -1; # -1 represents an empty value;

    The default value is 0. Since this stores data in the packed string, the
    array is never sparse. To illustrate the issue, try the following;

      tie @array, Tie::Array::Pack => d;
      $array[4] = 2;
      print join(",", @array), "\n" # 0,0,0,0,2;

  PICK THE RIGHT FORMAT
    Another issue is that you need to pick the right format or you will get
    an unexpected result.

      tie @array, Tie::Array::Pack => C;
      @array = (251..260);
      print join(",", @array), "\n" # 251,252,253,254,255,0,1,2,3,4

    In this case, the warning is issued.

  HOW SLOW IS IT?
    Since this module has to pack() for each STORE and unpack() for each
    FETCH, it is much slower than the native array. Still it is as fast as
    in-memory DB_File (with $DB_RECNO) and much, much faster than Tie::File.
    Below is the result on my MacBook Pro.

    n = 1000
                 Rate    T::F DB_File T::A::P  native
       T::F    3.80/s      --    -98%    -98%   -100%
       DB_File  158/s   4049%      --     -4%    -92%
       T::A::P  164/s   4209%      4%      --    -92%
       native  2058/s  54016%   1204%   1156%      --

    n = 10000
                 Rate    T::F DB_File T::A::P  native
       T::F    1.06/s      --    -93%    -93%    -99%
       DB_File 15.8/s   1393%      --     -1%    -92%
       T::A::P 15.9/s   1409%      1%      --    -92%
       native   194/s  18248%   1129%   1116%      --

SEE ALSO
    In Perl Core:
      perltie, perlpacktut, Tie::Array, Tie::File, DB_File

    On CPAN
      Tie::Array::Packed and Tie::Array::PackedC - Almost identical except
      for the interfaces. This module is simpler and pure-perl only.

AUTHOR
    Dan Kogai, <dankogai@dan.co.jp<gt>

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
    Copyright (C) 2006 by Dan Kogai

    This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
    under the same terms as Perl itself, either Perl version 5.8.8 or, at
    your option, any later version of Perl 5 you may have available.