NAME

Fey - Better SQL Generation Through Perl

VERSION

version 0.43

SYNOPSIS

  use Fey::Literal::Function;
  use Fey::Placeholder;
  use Fey::Schema;
  use Fey::SQL;


  my $schema = hand_waving();

  my $user  = $schema->table('User');
  my $group = $schema->table('Group')

  my $select = Fey::SQL->new_select();

  my $func = Fey::Literal::Function->new( 'LCASE', $user->column('username') );

  $select->select( $user->columns( 'user_id', 'username' ) )
         ->from( $user, $group )
         ->where( $group->group_id, 'IN', 1, 2, 3 )
         ->and  ( $func, 'LIKE', 'smith%' );

  print $select->sql($dbh);

DESCRIPTION

The Fey distribution contains a set of modules for representing the
components of a DBMS schema, and for dynamically generating SQL queries
based on that schema.

USAGE

Loading this module does nothing. It's just here to provide docs and a
version number for the distro.

You'll want to take a look at Fey::Schema, Fey::Table, and other
modules in the distro for more details.

WHAT IS Fey?

The goal of the core Fey distro is to provide a simple, flexible way of
dynamically generating complex SQL queries in Perl. Other packages
build on top of this functionality to create a complete ORM (Fey::ORM).

GETTING STARTED

If you're interested in an ORM, take a look at the Fey::ORM distro.

To generate SQL with Fey, you first need to create a set of objects
representing the tables and foreign keys in your schema. The simplest
way to do this is to use the Fey-Loader distro, which will connect to
an existing schema and generate a set of objects for you.

Alternatively, you can create these objects via Fey's API. You would
first create a Fey::Schema object. This object will hold all of your
tables and foreign keys. If you want to create your schema this way,
you should start with the Fey::Schema, Fey::Table, and Fey::FK APIs.
You'll also want to use the Fey::Column API.

Once you have a schema, you can generate SQL using Fey::SQL, or a
DBMS-specific subclass of Fey::SQL.

THE CORE Fey DISTRO

The emphasis in the core Fey distro is on dynamic queries, particularly
on the tables/columns/etc involved in the query, not just the bound
parameters.

This is not what I mean by a dynamic query ...

 SELECT user_id FROM User where username = ?

While this is dynamic in the sense that the username is parameterized
and may change on each invocation, it is still easily handled by a
phrasebook class. If that is all you need, I suggest checking out any
of Class::Phrasebook::SQL, Data::Phrasebook, or SQL::Library on CPAN.

Imagine that we have a database with a User table and a Message table,
where each message has a user who is that message's creator. We might
want to grab all the users in the database, in which case we would do a
simple SELECT against the User table ...

 SELECT * FROM User

But maybe we want to get all the users who have created a message in
the last week:

 SELECT User.*
   FROM User JOIN Message
        USING (user_id)
  WHERE Message.creation_date >= ?

The resultset for our query is still the same (0+ users) but the
constraints of the query are more complex. Now imagine another dozen or
so permutations on how we search for users. This is what I mean by
"dynamically" generating queries.

RATIONALE

You probably don't need to read this if you just wanted to know how to
use Fey.

Why Not Use a Phrasebook?

Let's assume we have a simple User table with the following columns:

 username
 state
 first_name
 last_name
 access_level

Limiting ourselves to queries of equality ("username = ?", "state =
?"), we would still need 32 (1 + 5 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1) entries to handle
all the possible combinations of columns. Now imagine adding in
variants like allowing for wildcard searches using LIKE or regexes, or
more complex variants involving an "OR" in a subclause.

This gets even more complicated if you start adding in joins, outer
joins, and so on. It's plain to see that a phrasebook gets too large to
be usable at this point. You'd probably have to write a program just to
generate the phrasebook and keep it up to date!

Why Not String Manipulation?

The next idea that might come to mind is to dump the phrasebook in
favor of string manipulation. This is simple enough at first, but
quickly gets ugly. Handling all of the possible options correctly
requires lots of fiddly code that has to concatenate bits of SQL in the
correct order, taking into account where to put in commas, WHERE vs
AND, and so on and so forth. I've been there, and trust me, it's
madness.

The Solution

The core Fey modules provide a solution to the dynamic SQL problem.
Using Fey, you can specify queries in the form of Perl methods and
objects. Fey provides a set of objects to represent the parts of a
schema, specifically tables, columns, and foreign keys. Using these
objects along with Fey::SQL, you can easily generate very complex
queries.

This core distro is also intended to be the foundation for building
higher-level tools like an ORM. See Fey::ORM for just such a thing.

HISTORY AND GOALS

This module comes from my experience writing and using Alzabo. Alzabo
does everything this module does, and a lot more. The fact that Alzabo
does so many things has become a fairly problematic in its maintenance,
and Alzabo was over 6 years old at the time this project was begun
(August of 2006).

Goals

Rather than coming up with a very smart solution that allows us to use
80% of a DBMS's functionality, I'd rather come up with a solution
that's dumber but supports all (or at least 99%) of the DBMS's
features. It's easy to add smarts on top of a dumb layer, but it can be
terribly hard to add that last 20% once you've got something really
smart.

The goals for Fey, based on my experience with Alzabo, are the
following:

  * Provide a simple way to generate queries dynamically. I really like
  how this works with Alzabo conceptually, but Alzabo is not as
  flexible as I'd like and it's "build a data structure" approach to
  query building can become very cumbersome.

  Rather than complex data structures, with Fey you call methods on a
  Fey::SQL object to build up a query. This turns out to be simpler to
  work with.

  Fey, unlike Alzabo, can be used to generate multi-row updates and
  deletes, and it supports sub-selects, unions, etc. and all that other
  good stuff.

  * Fey supports complex query creation with less fiddliness than
  Alzabo. This means that the class to represent queries is a little
  smarter and more flexible about the order in which bits are added.

  For example, in using Alzabo I often came across cases where I wanted
  to add a table to a query's join if it hasn't already been added.
  With Alzabo, there's no nice clean way to do this. Simply adding the
  table to the join parameter twice will cause an error. It would be
  nice to simply be able to do this

    $select->join( $foo_table => $bar_table );

  and have it do the right thing if that join already exists (where the
  right thing is just do nothing). Fey::SQL does exactly that.

  * Provide the core for an RDBMS-OO mapper similar to a combination of
  Alzabo::Runtime::Row and Class::AlzaboWrapper.

  At the same time, query generation and the ORM are decoupled. You can
  use Fey::SQL to generate queries without having to every use the
  Fey::ORM ORM.

  * Be declarative like Moose. In particular, the Fey::ORM ORM is as
  declarative as possible, and aims to emulate Moose's declarative
  sugar style where possible.

  * Leverage the API user's SQL knowledge. Building up queries with Fey
  looks enough like SQL that you shouldn't have to think too hard about
  it. This means join support is baked in at a core level, as are
  subselects and ideally anything else you can do in SQL.

Problems with Alzabo

Here are some of the problems I've had with Alzabo over the years which
inspired me to create Fey ...

  * Adding support for a new DBMS to Alzabo is a lot of work, so it
  only supports MySQL and Postgres. Alzabo tries to be really smart
  about preventing users from shooting themselves in the foot, and
  requires a lot of DBMS-specific code to achieve this.

  In retrospect, being a lot dumber and allowing for foot-shooting
  makes supporting a new DBMS much easier. People generally know how
  their DBMS works, and if they generate an invalid query or table
  name, it will throw an error.

  For example, while Fey can accommodate per-DBMS query (sub)classes,
  it does not include any by default, and is capable of supporting many
  DBMS-specific features without per-DBMS classes.

  * Alzabo has too much DBMS-specific knowledge. If you want to use a
  SQL function in a query, you have to import a corresponding Perl
  function from the appropriate Alzabo::SQLMaker, which limits you to
  what's already defined, or forces you to go through a cumbersome API
  to define a new SQL function for use in your Perl code.

  By contrast, Fey has simple generic support for arbitrary functions
  via the Fey::Literal::Function class. If you need more flexibility
  you can use the Fey::Literal::Term subclass to generate an arbitrary
  snippet to insert into your SQL.

  A related problem is that Alzabo doesn't support multiple versions of
  a DBMS very well. Either it doesn't work with an older version at
  all, or it doesn't support some enhanced capability of a newer
  version. It mostly supports whatever version I happened to be using
  when I wrote a specific piece of functionality.

  * There are now free GUI design tools for specific databases that do
  a better job of supporting the database in question than Alzabo ever
  has.

  * Alzabo separates its classes into Create (for generation of DDL)
  and Runtime (for DML) subclasses, which might have been worth the
  memory savings six years ago, but just makes for an extra hassle now.

  * When I originally developed Alzabo, I included a feature for
  generating high-level application object classes which subclass the
  Alzabo classes and add "business logic" methods. This is what is
  provided by Alzabo::MethodMaker.

  Nowadays, I prefer to have my business logic classes simply use the
  Alzabo classes. In other words, I now prefer "has-a" and "uses-a"
  versus "is-a" object design for this case.

  Method auto-generation based on a specific schema can be quite handy,
  but it should be done in the domain-specific application classes, not
  as a subclass of the core functionality.

  * Storing schemas in an Alzabo-specific format is problematic for
  many reasons. It's simpler to simply get the schema definition from
  an existing schema, or to allow users to define it in code.

  * Alzabo's referential integrity checking code was really cool back
  when I mostly used MySQL with MYISAM tables. Now it's just a
  maintenance burden and a barrier for new features.

  * I didn't catch the testing bug until quite a while after I'd
  started working on Alzabo. Alzabo's test suite is nasty. Fey is built
  with testability in mind, and high test coverage is part of my
  ongoing goals for the project.

  * Alzabo does too many things, which makes it hard to explain and
  document.

WHY IS IT NAMED Fey?

When I first started working on Fey, it was named "Q". This was a nice
short name to type, but obviously unsuitable for releasing on CPAN. I
wanted a nice short name that could be used in multiple distributions,
like John Siracusa's "Rose" modules.

I was standing in the shower one day and had the following series of
thoughts leading to Fey. Reading this will may give you an unpleasant
insight into my mind. You have been warned.

  * SQLy

  This module is "SQL-y", as in "related to SQL". However, this name is
  bad for a number of reasons. First, it's not clear how to pronounce
  it. It may make you think of a YACC grammar ("SQL.y"). It's a weird
  combo of upper- and lower-case letters.

  * SQLy => Squall

  "SQLy" and "Squall" share a number of letters, obviously.

  Squall is a single short word, which is good. However, it's a bit
  awkward to type and has a somewhat negative meaning to me, because a
  storm can mean trouble.

  * Squall => Lionheart => Faye

  Squall Lionheart is a character in Final Fantasy VIII, which IMO is
  the best Final Fantasy game before the PS2.

  The inimitable Faye Wong sang the theme song for FF VIII. I love Faye
  Wong.

  * Faye => Fey

  And thus we arrive at "Fey". It's nice and short, easy to type, and
  easy to say.

  Some of its meanings are "otherworldly" or "magical". Attempting to
  combine SQL and OO in any way is certainly unnatural, and if done
  right, perhaps magical. Fey can also mean "appearing slightly crazy".
  This project is certainly that.

Yes, I'm a nerd, I know.

BUGS

Please report any bugs or feature requests to bug-fey@rt.cpan.org, or
through the web interface at http://rt.cpan.org. I will be notified,
and then you'll automatically be notified of progress on your bug as I
make changes.

AUTHOR

Dave Rolsky <autarch@urth.org>

CONTRIBUTORS

  * Aristotle Pagaltzis <pagaltzis@gmx.de>

  * hdp@glaive.weftsoar.net <hdp@glaive.weftsoar.net>

  * hdp@localhost <hdp@localhost>

  * hdp@rook.opensourcery.com <hdp@rook.opensourcery.com>

  * Oliver Charles <oliver@ocharles.org.uk>

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

This software is Copyright (c) 2011 - 2015 by Dave Rolsky.

This is free software, licensed under:

  The Artistic License 2.0 (GPL Compatible)