NAME
Params::Validate - Validate method/function parameters
VERSION
version 1.20
SYNOPSIS
use Params::Validate qw(:all);
# takes named params (hash or hashref)
sub foo {
validate(
@_, {
foo => 1, # mandatory
bar => 0, # optional
}
);
}
# takes positional params
sub bar {
# first two are mandatory, third is optional
validate_pos( @_, 1, 1, 0 );
}
sub foo2 {
validate(
@_, {
foo =>
# specify a type
{ type => ARRAYREF },
bar =>
# specify an interface
{ can => [ 'print', 'flush', 'frobnicate' ] },
baz => {
type => SCALAR, # a scalar ...
# ... that is a plain integer ...
regex => qr/^\d+$/,
callbacks => { # ... and smaller than 90
'less than 90' => sub { shift() < 90 },
},
}
}
);
}
sub callback_with_custom_error {
validate(
@_,
{
foo => callbacks => {
'is an integer' => sub {
return 1 if $_[0] =~ /^-?[1-9][0-9]*$/;
die "$_[0] is not a valid integer value";
},
}
}
);
}
sub with_defaults {
my %p = validate(
@_, {
# required
foo => 1,
# $p{bar} will be 99 if bar is not given. bar is now
# optional.
bar => { default => 99 }
}
);
}
sub pos_with_defaults {
my @p = validate_pos( @_, 1, { default => 99 } );
}
sub sets_options_on_call {
my %p = validate_with(
params => \@_,
spec => { foo => { type => SCALAR, default => 2 } },
normalize_keys => sub { $_[0] =~ s/^-//; lc $_[0] },
);
}
DESCRIPTION
The Params::Validate module allows you to validate method or function
call parameters to an arbitrary level of specificity. At the simplest
level, it is capable of validating the required parameters were given
and that no unspecified additional parameters were passed in.
It is also capable of determining that a parameter is of a specific
type, that it is an object of a certain class hierarchy, that it
possesses certain methods, or applying validation callbacks to
arguments.
EXPORT
The module always exports the validate() and validate_pos() functions.
It also has an additional function available for export, validate_with,
which can be used to validate any type of parameters, and set various
options on a per-invocation basis.
In addition, it can export the following constants, which are used as
part of the type checking. These are SCALAR, ARRAYREF, HASHREF,
CODEREF, GLOB, GLOBREF, and SCALARREF, UNDEF, OBJECT, BOOLEAN, and
HANDLE. These are explained in the section on Type Validation.
The constants are available via the export tag :types. There is also an
:all tag which includes all of the constants as well as the
validation_options() function.
PARAMETER VALIDATION
The validation mechanisms provided by this module can handle both named
or positional parameters. For the most part, the same features are
available for each. The biggest difference is the way that the
validation specification is given to the relevant subroutine. The other
difference is in the error messages produced when validation checks
fail.
When handling named parameters, the module will accept either a hash or
a hash reference.
Subroutines expecting named parameters should call the validate()
subroutine like this:
validate(
@_, {
parameter1 => validation spec,
parameter2 => validation spec,
...
}
);
Subroutines expecting positional parameters should call the
validate_pos() subroutine like this:
validate_pos( @_, { validation spec }, { validation spec } );
Mandatory/Optional Parameters
If you just want to specify that some parameters are mandatory and
others are optional, this can be done very simply.
For a subroutine expecting named parameters, you would do this:
validate( @_, { foo => 1, bar => 1, baz => 0 } );
This says that the "foo" and "bar" parameters are mandatory and that
the "baz" parameter is optional. The presence of any other parameters
will cause an error.
For a subroutine expecting positional parameters, you would do this:
validate_pos( @_, 1, 1, 0, 0 );
This says that you expect at least 2 and no more than 4 parameters. If
you have a subroutine that has a minimum number of parameters but can
take any maximum number, you can do this:
validate_pos( @_, 1, 1, (0) x (@_ - 2) );
This will always be valid as long as at least two parameters are given.
A similar construct could be used for the more complex validation
parameters described further on.
Please note that this:
validate_pos( @_, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 );
makes absolutely no sense, so don't do it. Any zeros must come at the
end of the validation specification.
In addition, if you specify that a parameter can have a default, then
it is considered optional.
Type Validation
This module supports the following simple types, which can be exported
as constants:
* SCALAR
A scalar which is not a reference, such as 10 or 'hello'. A parameter
that is undefined is not treated as a scalar. If you want to allow
undefined values, you will have to specify SCALAR | UNDEF.
* ARRAYREF
An array reference such as [1, 2, 3] or \@foo.
* HASHREF
A hash reference such as { a => 1, b => 2 } or \%bar.
* CODEREF
A subroutine reference such as \&foo_sub or sub { print "hello" }.
* GLOB
This one is a bit tricky. A glob would be something like *FOO, but
not \*FOO, which is a glob reference. It should be noted that this
trick:
my $fh = do { local *FH; };
makes $fh a glob, not a glob reference. On the other hand, the return
value from Symbol::gensym is a glob reference. Either can be used as
a file or directory handle.
* GLOBREF
A glob reference such as \*FOO. See the GLOB entry above for more
details.
* SCALARREF
A reference to a scalar such as \$x.
* UNDEF
An undefined value
* OBJECT
A blessed reference.
* BOOLEAN
This is a special option, and is just a shortcut for UNDEF | SCALAR.
* HANDLE
This option is also special, and is just a shortcut for GLOB |
GLOBREF. However, it seems likely that most people interested in
either globs or glob references are likely to really be interested in
whether the parameter in question could be a valid file or directory
handle.
To specify that a parameter must be of a given type when using named
parameters, do this:
validate(
@_, {
foo => { type => SCALAR },
bar => { type => HASHREF }
}
);
If a parameter can be of more than one type, just use the bitwise or
(|) operator to combine them.
validate( @_, { foo => { type => GLOB | GLOBREF } );
For positional parameters, this can be specified as follows:
validate_pos( @_, { type => SCALAR | ARRAYREF }, { type => CODEREF } );
Interface Validation
To specify that a parameter is expected to have a certain set of
methods, we can do the following:
validate(
@_, {
foo =>
# just has to be able to ->bar
{ can => 'bar' }
}
);
... or ...
validate(
@_, {
foo =>
# must be able to ->bar and ->print
{ can => [qw( bar print )] }
}
);
Class Validation
A word of warning. When constructing your external interfaces, it is
probably better to specify what methods you expect an object to have
rather than what class it should be of (or a child of). This will make
your API much more flexible.
With that said, if you want to validate that an incoming parameter
belongs to a class (or child class) or classes, do:
validate(
@_,
{ foo => { isa => 'My::Frobnicator' } }
);
... or ...
validate(
@_,
# must be both, not either!
{ foo => { isa => [qw( My::Frobnicator IO::Handle )] } }
);
Regex Validation
If you want to specify that a given parameter must match a specific
regular expression, this can be done with "regex" spec key. For
example:
validate(
@_,
{ foo => { regex => qr/^\d+$/ } }
);
The value of the "regex" key may be either a string or a pre-compiled
regex created via qr.
If the value being checked against a regex is undefined, the regex is
explicitly checked against the empty string ('') instead, in order to
avoid "Use of uninitialized value" warnings.
The Regexp::Common module on CPAN is an excellent source of regular
expressions suitable for validating input.
Callback Validation
If none of the above are enough, it is possible to pass in one or more
callbacks to validate the parameter. The callback will be given the
value of the parameter as its first argument. Its second argument will
be all the parameters, as a reference to either a hash or array.
Callbacks are specified as hash reference. The key is an id for the
callback (used in error messages) and the value is a subroutine
reference, such as:
validate(
@_,
{
foo => {
callbacks => {
'smaller than a breadbox' => sub { shift() < $breadbox },
'green or blue' => sub {
return 1 if $_[0] eq 'green' || $_[0] eq 'blue';
die "$_[0] is not green or blue!";
}
}
}
}
);
validate(
@_, {
foo => {
callbacks => {
'bigger than baz' => sub { $_[0] > $_[1]->{baz} }
}
}
}
);
The callback should return a true value if the value is valid. If not,
it can return false or die. If you return false, a generic error
message will be thrown by Params::Validate.
If your callback dies instead you can provide a custom error message.
If the callback dies with a plain string, this string will be appended
to an exception message generated by Params::Validate. If the callback
dies with a reference (blessed or not), then this will be rethrown
as-is by Params::Validate.
Untainting
If you want values untainted, set the "untaint" key in a spec hashref
to a true value, like this:
my %p = validate(
@_, {
foo => { type => SCALAR, untaint => 1 },
bar => { type => ARRAYREF }
}
);
This will untaint the "foo" parameter if the parameters are valid.
Note that untainting is only done if all parameters are valid. Also,
only the return values are untainted, not the original values passed
into the validation function.
Asking for untainting of a reference value will not do anything, as
Params::Validate will only attempt to untaint the reference itself.
Mandatory/Optional Revisited
If you want to specify something such as type or interface, plus the
fact that a parameter can be optional, do this:
validate(
@_, {
foo => { type => SCALAR },
bar => { type => ARRAYREF, optional => 1 }
}
);
or this for positional parameters:
validate_pos(
@_,
{ type => SCALAR },
{ type => ARRAYREF, optional => 1 }
);
By default, parameters are assumed to be mandatory unless specified as
optional.
Dependencies
It also possible to specify that a given optional parameter depends on
the presence of one or more other optional parameters.
validate(
@_, {
cc_number => {
type => SCALAR,
optional => 1,
depends => [ 'cc_expiration', 'cc_holder_name' ],
},
cc_expiration => { type => SCALAR, optional => 1 },
cc_holder_name => { type => SCALAR, optional => 1 },
}
);
In this case, "cc_number", "cc_expiration", and "cc_holder_name" are
all optional. However, if "cc_number" is provided, then "cc_expiration"
and "cc_holder_name" must be provided as well.
This allows you to group together sets of parameters that all must be
provided together.
The validate_pos() version of dependencies is slightly different, in
that you can only depend on one other parameter. Also, if for example,
the second parameter 2 depends on the fourth parameter, then it implies
a dependency on the third parameter as well. This is because if the
fourth parameter is required, then the user must also provide a third
parameter so that there can be four parameters in total.
Params::Validate will die if you try to depend on a parameter not
declared as part of your parameter specification.
Specifying defaults
If the validate() or validate_pos() functions are called in a list
context, they will return a hash or containing the original parameters
plus defaults as indicated by the validation spec.
If the function is not called in a list context, providing a default in
the validation spec still indicates that the parameter is optional.
The hash or array returned from the function will always be a copy of
the original parameters, in order to leave @_ untouched for the calling
function.
Simple examples of defaults would be:
my %p = validate( @_, { foo => 1, bar => { default => 99 } } );
my @p = validate_pos( @_, 1, { default => 99 } );
In scalar context, a hash reference or array reference will be
returned, as appropriate.
USAGE NOTES
Validation failure
By default, when validation fails Params::Validate calls
Carp::confess(). This can be overridden by setting the on_fail option,
which is described in the "GLOBAL" OPTIONS section.
Method calls
When using this module to validate the parameters passed to a method
call, you will probably want to remove the class/object from the
parameter list before calling validate() or validate_pos(). If your
method expects named parameters, then this is necessary for the
validate() function to actually work, otherwise @_ will not be usable
as a hash, because it will first have your object (or class) followed
by a set of keys and values.
Thus the idiomatic usage of validate() in a method call will look
something like this:
sub method {
my $self = shift;
my %params = validate(
@_, {
foo => 1,
bar => { type => ARRAYREF },
}
);
}
Speeding Up Validation
In most cases, the validation spec will remain the same for each call
to a subroutine. In that case, you can speed up validation by defining
the validation spec just once, rather than on each call to the
subroutine:
my %spec = ( ... );
sub foo {
my %params = validate( @_, \%spec );
}
You can also use the state feature to do this:
use feature 'state';
sub foo {
state $spec = { ... };
my %params = validate( @_, $spec );
}
"GLOBAL" OPTIONS
Because the API for the validate() and validate_pos() functions does
not make it possible to specify any options other than the validation
spec, it is possible to set some options as pseudo-'globals'. These
allow you to specify such things as whether or not the validation of
named parameters should be case sensitive, for one example.
These options are called pseudo-'globals' because these settings are
only applied to calls originating from the package that set the
options.
In other words, if I am in package Foo and I call validation_options(),
those options are only in effect when I call validate() from package
Foo.
While this is quite different from how most other modules operate, I
feel that this is necessary in able to make it possible for one
module/application to use Params::Validate while still using other
modules that also use Params::Validate, perhaps with different options
set.
The downside to this is that if you are writing an app with a standard
calling style for all functions, and your app has ten modules, each
module must include a call to validation_options(). You could of course
write a module that all your modules use which uses various trickery to
do this when imported.
Options
* normalize_keys => $callback
This option is only relevant when dealing with named parameters.
This callback will be used to transform the hash keys of both the
parameters and the parameter spec when validate() or validate_with()
are called.
Any alterations made by this callback will be reflected in the
parameter hash that is returned by the validation function. For
example:
sub foo {
return validate_with(
params => \@_,
spec => { foo => { type => SCALAR } },
normalize_keys =>
sub { my $k = shift; $k =~ s/^-//; return uc $k },
);
}
%p = foo( foo => 20 );
# $p{FOO} is now 20
%p = foo( -fOo => 50 );
# $p{FOO} is now 50
The callback must return a defined value.
If a callback is given then the deprecated "ignore_case" and
"strip_leading" options are ignored.
* allow_extra => $boolean
If true, then the validation routine will allow extra parameters not
named in the validation specification. In the case of positional
parameters, this allows an unlimited number of maximum parameters
(though a minimum may still be set). Defaults to false.
* on_fail => $callback
If given, this callback will be called whenever a validation check
fails. It will be called with a single parameter, which will be a
string describing the failure. This is useful if you wish to have
this module throw exceptions as objects rather than as strings, for
example.
This callback is expected to die() internally. If it does not, the
validation will proceed onwards, with unpredictable results.
The default is to simply use the Carp module's confess() function.
* stack_skip => $number
This tells Params::Validate how many stack frames to skip when
finding a subroutine name to use in error messages. By default, it
looks one frame back, at the immediate caller to validate() or
validate_pos(). If this option is set, then the given number of
frames are skipped instead.
* ignore_case => $boolean
DEPRECATED
This is only relevant when dealing with named parameters. If it is
true, then the validation code will ignore the case of parameter
names. Defaults to false.
* strip_leading => $characters
DEPRECATED
This too is only relevant when dealing with named parameters. If this
is given then any parameters starting with these characters will be
considered equivalent to parameters without them entirely. For
example, if this is specified as '-', then -foo and foo would be
considered identical.
PER-INVOCATION OPTIONS
The validate_with() function can be used to set the options listed
above on a per-invocation basis. For example:
my %p = validate_with(
params => \@_,
spec => {
foo => { type => SCALAR },
bar => { default => 10 }
},
allow_extra => 1,
);
In addition to the options listed above, it is also possible to set the
option "called", which should be a string. This string will be used in
any error messages caused by a failure to meet the validation spec.
This subroutine will validate named parameters as a hash if the "spec"
parameter is a hash reference. If it is an array reference, the
parameters are assumed to be positional.
my %p = validate_with(
params => \@_,
spec => {
foo => { type => SCALAR },
bar => { default => 10 }
},
allow_extra => 1,
called => 'The Quux::Baz class constructor',
);
my @p = validate_with(
params => \@_,
spec => [
{ type => SCALAR },
{ default => 10 }
],
allow_extra => 1,
called => 'The Quux::Baz class constructor',
);
DISABLING VALIDATION
If the environment variable PERL_NO_VALIDATION is set to something
true, then validation is turned off. This may be useful if you only
want to use this module during development but don't want the speed hit
during production.
The only error that will be caught will be when an odd number of
parameters are passed into a function/method that expects a hash.
If you want to selectively turn validation on and off at runtime, you
can directly set the $Params::Validate::NO_VALIDATION global variable.
It is strongly recommended that you localize any changes to this
variable, because other modules you are using may expect validation to
be on when they execute. For example:
{
local $Params::Validate::NO_VALIDATION = 1;
# no error
foo( bar => 2 );
}
# error
foo( bar => 2 );
sub foo {
my %p = validate( @_, { foo => 1 } );
...;
}
But if you want to shoot yourself in the foot and just turn it off, go
ahead!
TAINT MODE
The XS implementation of this module has some problems Under taint mode
with version of Perl before 5.14. If validation fails, then instead of
getting the expected error message you'll get a message like "Insecure
dependency in eval_sv". This can be worked around by either untainting
the arguments yourself, using the pure Perl implementation, or
upgrading your Perl.
LIMITATIONS
Right now there is no way (short of a callback) to specify that
something must be of one of a list of classes, or that it must possess
one of a list of methods. If this is desired, it can be added in the
future.
Ideally, there would be only one validation function. If someone
figures out how to do this, please let me know.
SUPPORT
Please submit bugs and patches to the CPAN RT system at
http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/ReportBug.html?Queue=Params%3A%3AValidate or
via email at bug-params-validate@rt.cpan.org.
Support questions can be sent to Dave at autarch@urth.org.
DONATIONS
If you'd like to thank me for the work I've done on this module, please
consider making a "donation" to me via PayPal. I spend a lot of free
time creating free software, and would appreciate any support you'd
care to offer.
Please note that I am not suggesting that you must do this in order for
me to continue working on this particular software. I will continue to
do so, inasmuch as I have in the past, for as long as it interests me.
Similarly, a donation made in this way will probably not make me work
on this software much more, unless I get so many donations that I can
consider working on free software full time, which seems unlikely at
best.
To donate, log into PayPal and send money to autarch@urth.org or use
the button on this page: http://www.urth.org/~autarch/fs-donation.html
AUTHORS
* Dave Rolsky <autarch@urth.org>
* Ilya Martynov <ilya@martynov.org>
CONTRIBUTORS
* Ivan Bessarabov <ivan@bessarabov.ru>
* J.R. Mash <jmash.code@gmail.com>
* Noel Maddy <zhtwnpanta@gmail.com>
* Olivier Mengué <dolmen@cpan.org>
* Vincent Pit <perl@profvince.com>
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
This software is Copyright (c) 2001 - 2015 by Dave Rolsky and Ilya
Martynov.
This is free software, licensed under:
The Artistic License 2.0 (GPL Compatible)