<html>
<head>
<title>ExifTool by Phil Harvey</title>
<meta name="KeyWords" content="meta, information, ExifTool, EXIF, GPS, exif,
XMP, IPTC, GeoTIFF, ID3, JPG, JP2, GIF, PNG, MNG, JNG, MIFF, EPS, PS, AI, PDF,
PSD, MP3, WAV, BMP, PPM, PGM, PBM, CRW, CR2, MRW, NEF, PEF, MOS, DNG, ORF, RAF,
Canon, maker notes, THM, RAW, TIFF, Perl, script, extract, thumbnail,
parameters, write, edit">
</head>
<body text='#000000' bgcolor='#ffffff'>
<h1>ExifTool by Phil Harvey</h1>
<font color='#cc0000' size='+2'><b>Read</b> <i>and</i> <b>Write</b> Meta Information!</font>
<h3>
<a href="Image-ExifTool-6.00.tar.gz">
Download Version 6.00</a> (856 KB) - Feb. 19, 2006
(<a href="history.html">Version History</a>)</h3>
<p>ExifTool is a <a href="ExifTool.html">Perl module</a> with an included
<a href="exiftool_pod.html">command-line application</a> for reading and writing
meta information in image, audio and video files. It recognizes EXIF, GPS,
IPTC, XMP, JFIF, GeoTIFF, ICC Profile, Photoshop IRB, AFCP and ID3 meta
information as well as the maker notes of many digital cameras including Canon,
Casio, FujiFilm, JVC/Victor, Kodak, Leaf, Minolta/Konica-Minolta, Nikon,
Olympus/Epson, Panasonic/Leica, Pentax/Asahi, Ricoh, Sanyo and Sigma/Foveon.
<p>When writing information, ExifTool preserves the original file by adding
"_original" to the file name. Be sure to keep a copy of the original, or
thoroughly validate the new file before erasing the original.
<a href="writing.html">Read here</a> for some ramblings on the subject of
writing meta information.
<h2>Features</h2>
<ul>
<li>Powerful, fast, and easy to use
<li><a href="#supported">Supports a large number of different file formats</a>
<li>Reads EXIF, GPS, IPTC, XMP, JFIF, MakerNotes, GeoTIFF, ICC Profile,
Photoshop IRB, AFCP and ID3 records
<li>Writes EXIF, GPS, IPTC, XMP, JFIF, MakerNotes, Photoshop IRB and AFCP information
<li>Reads and writes maker notes of many digital cameras
<li>Very flexible -- read or write exactly the information you want
<li><a href="#shift">Shifts date/time values</a> to fix timestamps in images
<li>Extracts thumbnail images, preview images, and JPEG images embedded in RAW files
<li>Copies meta information between files (even if they are different formats)
<li>Deletes meta information individually, in groups, or all together
<li>Sets the file modification date from EXIF information
<li>Scans entire directory trees
<li>Creates text output file for each image file
<li>Organizes output into groups
<li>Ability to add user-defined tags
<li>Recognizes <a href="TagNames/index.html">thousands of different tags</a>
<li>Tested with images from <a href="models.html">hundreds of different camera models</a>
<li>Advanced <a href="verbose.html">verbose</a> and <a href="htmldump.html">HTML-based
hex dump</a> outputs
</ul>
<h2><a name="Supported">Supported File Types</a></h2>
<blockquote><table cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 border=1>
<tr bgcolor='#dddddd'><th>File Type</th><th>Read/Write</th><th>Description</th></tr>
<tr><td>ACR</td><td>R</td><td>American College of Radiology ACR-NEMA (DICOM-like)</td></tr>
<tr><td>AI</td><td>R</td><td>Adobe Illustrator (PS or PDF)</td></tr>
<tr><td>AIFF, AIF, AIFC</td><td>R</td><td>Audio Interchange File Format</td></tr>
<tr><td>ASF</td><td>R</td><td>Microsoft Advanced Systems Format</td></tr>
<tr><td>AVI</td><td>R</td><td>Audio Video Interleaved (RIFF-based)</td></tr>
<tr><td>BMP, DIB</td><td>R</td><td>Windows BitMaP / Device Independent Bitmap</td></tr>
<tr><td>CR2</td><td>R/W</td><td>Canon RAW 2 format (TIFF-based)</td></tr>
<tr><td>CRW</td><td>R/W</td><td>Canon RAW format</td></tr>
<tr><td>DCM, DC3, DIC, DICM</td><td>R</td><td>DICOM - Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine</td></tr>
<tr><td>DNG</td><td>R/W</td><td>Digital Negative (TIFF-based)</td></tr>
<tr><td>GIF</td><td>R/W</td><td>Compuserve Graphics Interchange Format</td></tr>
<tr><td>JP2, JPX</td><td>R</td><td>JPEG 2000 image</td></tr>
<tr><td>JPEG, JPG</td><td>R/W</td><td>Joint Photographic Experts Group image</td></tr>
<tr><td>MIFF, MIF</td><td>R</td><td>Magick Image File Format</td></tr>
<tr><td>MOS</td><td>R/W</td><td>Creo Leaf Mosaic (TIFF-based)</td></tr>
<tr><td>MOV, QT</td><td>R</td><td>Apple QuickTime Movie</td></tr>
<tr><td>MP3</td><td>R</td><td>MPEG Layer 3 audio (uses ID3 information)</td></tr>
<tr><td>MP4</td><td>R</td><td>Motion Picture Experts Group video format 4</td></tr>
<tr><td>MRW</td><td>R/W</td><td>Minolta RAW format</td></tr>
<tr><td>NEF</td><td>R/W</td><td>Nikon (RAW) Electronic Format (TIFF-based)</td></tr>
<tr><td>ORF</td><td>R</td><td>Olympus RAW format</td></tr>
<tr><td>PDF</td><td>R</td><td>Adobe Portable Document Format</td></tr>
<tr><td>PEF</td><td>R/W</td><td>Pentax (RAW) Electronic Format (TIFF-based)</td></tr>
<tr><td>PICT, PCT</td><td>R</td><td>Apple Picture file</td></tr>
<tr><td>PNG, JNG, MNG</td><td>R/W</td><td>Portable/JPEG/Multiple-image Network Graphics</td></tr>
<tr><td>PPM, PBM, PGM</td><td>R/W</td><td>Portable Pixel/Bit/Gray Map</td></tr>
<tr><td>PS, EPS, EPSF</td><td>R</td><td>[Encapsulated] PostScript Format</td></tr>
<tr><td>PSD</td><td>R/W</td><td>PhotoShop Drawing</td></tr>
<tr><td>QTIF, QTI, QIF</td><td>R</td><td>QuickTime Image File</td></tr>
<tr><td>RAF</td><td>R</td><td>FujiFilm RAW Format</td></tr>
<tr><td>RAW</td><td>R</td><td>Kyocera Contax N Digital RAW Format</td></tr>
<tr><td>RIFF, RIF</td><td>R</td><td>Resource Interchange File Format</td></tr>
<tr><td>SR2</td><td>R</td><td>Sony RAW Format 2 (TIFF-based)</td></tr>
<tr><td>SRF</td><td>R</td><td>Sony RAW Format (TIFF-based)</td></tr>
<tr><td>THM</td><td>R/W</td><td>Canon Thumbnail (JPG)</td></tr>
<tr><td>TIFF, TIF</td><td>R/W</td><td>Tagged Image File Format</td></tr>
<tr><td>WAV</td><td>R</td><td>Windows digital audio WAVeform (RIFF-based)</td></tr>
<tr><td>WMA, WMV</td><td>R</td><td>Windows Media Audio/Video (ASF-based)</td></tr>
<tr><td>X3F</td><td>R</td><td>Sigma/Foveon RAW format</td></tr>
<tr><td>XMP</td><td>R/W</td><td>Extensible Metadata Platform data file</td></tr>
</table></blockquote>
<h2><font color='#cc0000'>Writer Limitations</font></h2>
<ul>
<li>ExifTool will not rewrite a file if it detects a problem with the file format.
<li>ExifTool has been tested with a wide range of different images, but since it
is not possible to test it with every known image type, there is the possibility
that it will corrupt some files. Be sure to keep backups of your files.
<li>Even though ExifTool does some validation of the information written, it is
still possible to write illegal values which may cause problems when reading the
images with other software. So take care to verify the information you are
writing.
</ul>
<h2><font color='#cc6600'>Known Problems</font></h2>
<ul>
<li>CR2 (Canon RAW format 2) images edited by ExifTool show up all black when
displayed using the new Apple OS X 10.4.4 RAW image utilities, although there
are no such problems with Canon Digital Photo Professional, Photoshop CS2,
Lightroom or dcraw. It is thought that this is an Apple bug, and that they may
be cutting corners in reading the file by assuming a fixed offset for white
balance information. If this problem affects you, please send a bug report to
Apple.
</ul>
<h2>System Requirements</h2>
Requires Perl 5.004 or later. No other libraries or software required.
<p><b>Windows users:</b> You can get a good, free Perl interpreter from
<a href="http://www.activeperl.com/Products/ActivePerl/">activeperl.com</a>.
<br><b>Everyone else:</b> Don't worry, you should already have Perl installed.
<h2>Running exiftool</h2>
The <a href="exiftool_pod.html">exiftool application</a> provides a convenient
command-line interface for the <a href="ExifTool.html">Image::ExifTool</a> Perl
module (both included in the distribution package). Once you have downloaded and
extracted the ExifTool package, you can immediately run exiftool (even before it
is built and installed) by typing "DIR/exiftool FILE", where DIR is the
directory where exiftool was extracted, and FILE is the name of an image file.
<p>Many command-line options are available to give control over the output
formatting and to allow reading or writing of specific information. Run
exiftool with no arguments for a <a href="exiftool_pod.html">description of
exiftool, complete list of available options, and examples</a>.
<p><b>Notes for Windows users:</b> You should type "perl exiftool" instead of
just "exiftool" to run exiftool. Alternately, you may be able to rename
exiftool to exiftool.pl then type "exiftool.pl" to run it. Also, if you are
using the "cmd" shell, you should use double quotes around the entire
command-line argument instead of single quotes or partial quoting as shown in
some examples.
<h2>Example Output</h2>
> exiftool -h -canon pics/113_1366.JPG
<blockquote>
<!-- ======== /Users/phil/Desktop/EXIF/Exif/pics/113_1366.JPG -->
<table bgcolor='#dddddd'>
<tr><td>File Name</td><td>113_1366.JPG</td></tr>
<tr><td>Camera Model Name</td><td>Canon EOS DIGITAL REBEL</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shooting Date/Time</td><td>2003:10:31 15:44:19</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shooting Mode</td><td>Program AE</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tv(Shutter Speed)</td><td>1/60</td></tr>
<tr><td>Av(Aperture Value)</td><td>5.6</td></tr>
<tr><td>Metering Mode</td><td>Evaluative</td></tr>
<tr><td>Exposure Compensation</td><td>0</td></tr>
<tr><td>ISO Speed</td><td>100</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lens</td><td>18.0 - 55.0mm</td></tr>
<tr><td>Focal Length</td><td>55.0mm</td></tr>
<tr><td>Image Size</td><td>2048x3072</td></tr>
<tr><td>Quality</td><td>Normal</td></tr>
<tr><td>Flash</td><td>On</td></tr>
<tr><td>Flash Type</td><td>Built-In Flash</td></tr>
<tr><td>Flash Exposure Compensation</td><td>0</td></tr>
<tr><td>Red Eye Reduction</td><td>Off</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shutter Curtain Sync</td><td>1st-curtain sync</td></tr>
<tr><td>White Balance</td><td>Auto</td></tr>
<tr><td>Focus Mode</td><td>AI Focus AF</td></tr>
<tr><td>Contrast</td><td>+1</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sharpness</td><td>+1</td></tr>
<tr><td>Saturation</td><td>+1</td></tr>
<tr><td>Color Tone</td><td>Normal</td></tr>
<tr><td>File Size</td><td>811KB</td></tr>
<tr><td>Image Number</td><td>113-1366</td></tr>
<tr><td>Drive Mode</td><td>Continuous shooting</td></tr>
<tr><td>Owner's Name</td><td>Phil Harvey</td></tr>
<tr><td>Camera Body No.</td><td>0560012345</td></tr>
</table>
</blockquote>
<h3>Verbose and HtmlDump Output</h3>
The <a href="verbose.html">Verbose</a> (-v) and <a
href="htmldump.html">HtmlDump</a> (-htmlDump) options print additional
information that can be very useful for debugging or when decoding new tags.
<h2><a href="TagNames/index.html">ExifTool Tag Names</a></h2>
Tag names are entered on the command line with a leading '-' in the order you
want them displayed. Case is not significant. The tag name may be prefixed by
a group name from family 0 or 1, separated by a colon, to specify a location for
the information. A special tag name of 'All' may be used to represent all tags,
or all tags in a specified group.
<blockquote>ie) "exiftool -filename -imagesize -exif:fnumber -xmp:all image.jpg"</blockquote>
<p>A complete list of <a href="TagNames/index.html">ExifTool Tag Names</a>
accompanies this documentation. As well, current lists of available tag names
and writable tag names may be obtained using the exiftool -list and -listw
options. But perhaps the easiest way to determine a tag name is to use the -s
option to print the tag names instead of descriptions for all information in a
file. It may also be helpful to use the -G option to display the group names,
and the -H or -D option to print the numerical tag ID's for reference.
<p><b>Notes:</b>
<ol><li>Tag names sometimes differ from their descriptions. Use the '-s'
command-line option to see the actual tag names instead of the descriptions
when extracting information.
<li>Values are only displayed for tags that exist in the specified file when
extracting information (unless the -f option is used).
</ol>
<h3>Shortcut Tags</h3>
Shortcuts tags represent one or more other tags, and are used like any other
tag when extracting information.
<p>ExifTool defines a few shortcut tags in the Image::ExifTool::Shortcuts
module, and allows users to define their own shortcuts by adding a
definition to the .ExifTool_config file in their home directory. Here is a
simple example that defines two shortcuts:
<blockquote><table cellpadding=4 bgcolor='#dddddd'><tr><td><pre>
%Image::ExifTool::Shortcuts::UserDefined = (
MyShortcut => ['createdate','exposuretime','aperture'],
MyAlias => 'FocalLengthIn35mmFormat',
);
</pre></td></tr></table></blockquote>
In this example, MyShortcut is a shortcut for the CreateDate, ExposureTime
and Aperture tags, and MyAlias is a shortcut for FocalLengthIn35mmFormat.
<p>The current shortcuts may be listed with the -list option.
<p>The <b>~/.ExifTool_config</b> file may also be used to define new tags.
For more information, see the <a href="config.html">sample configuration
file</a> included with the ExifTool distribution.
<h2>Groups</h2>
ExifTool classifies tags into groups in three different families.
These groups are:
<blockquote><table cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 border=1>
<tr bgcolor='#dddddd'><th>Family</th><th>Group Names</th></tr>
<tr><td><b>0 (General Location)</b></td>
<td>AFCP, AIFF, APP12, ASF, BMP, Composite, DICOM, DNG, EXIF, ExifTool, File,
GPS, GeoTiff, ICC_Profile, ID3, IPTC, JFIF, Jpeg2000, Leaf, MIFF, MNG,
MakerNotes, Meta, PDF, PICT, PNG, Photoshop, PostScript, PrintIM, QuickTime,
RIFF, SigmaRaw, XMP
</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>1 (Specific Location)</b></td>
<td>AFCP, AIFF, APP12, ASF, BMP, Canon, CanonCustom, CanonRaw, Casio, Composite,
DICOM, DNG, ExifIFD, ExifTool, File, FujiFilm, GPS, GeoTiff, GlobParamIFD,
ICC-chrm, ICC-clrt, ICC-header, ICC-meas, ICC-view, ICC_Profile, ID3, ID3v1,
ID3v2_2, ID3v2_3, ID3v2_4, IFD0, IFD1, IPTC, InteropIFD, JFIF, JVC,
Jpeg2000, Kodak, KodakBordersIFD, KodakEffectsIFD, KyoceraRaw, Leaf,
LeafSubIFD, MIFF, MNG, MakerUnknown, MetaIFD, Minolta, Nikon, NikonCapture,
NikonPreview, Olympus, PDF, PICT, PNG, Panasonic, Pentax, Photoshop,
PostScript, PrintIM, QuickTime, RIFF, Ricoh, SR2, SRF#, Sanyo, Sigma,
SigmaRaw, Sony, SubIFD, Track#, XMP, XMP-PixelLive, XMP-aux, XMP-cc,
XMP-crs, XMP-dc, XMP-dex, XMP-exif, XMP-iptcCore, XMP-pdf, XMP-photoshop,
XMP-tiff, XMP-xmp, XMP-xmpBJ, XMP-xmpMM, XMP-xmpPLUS, XMP-xmpRights,
XMP-xmpTPg
</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>2 (Category)</b></td>
<td>Audio, Author, Camera, ExifTool, Image, Location, Other, Printing, Time,
Unknown, Video
</td></tr>
</table></blockquote>
The exiftool output can be organized based on these groups using the -g or
-G option.
<h2>Writing Meta Information</h2>
<p>ExifTool writes five different types of meta information:
<blockquote>
<b>1)</b> EXIF <b>2)</b> GPS <b>3)</b> IPTC
<b>4)</b> XMP <b>5)</b> MakerNotes
</blockquote>
Many tag names are valid for more than one of these groups. If a specific group
is not given then new information is added only to the highest priority group
for which the tag name is valid (but the information is changed in all groups
where the tag already existed). The priority of the groups is given by the list
above. Information is added preferentially to the EXIF or GPS group (there are
no common tag names between these two groups). If the tag isn't valid in either
of these two groups, the information is added to the IPTC group, or finally the
XMP group. The Makernotes group is special, see the note below.
<p>Alternatively, information may be written to a specific group only, bypassing
these priorities, by providing a group name for the tag. The section below
gives the syntax rules for exiftool command-line arguments to do this. Any
family 0 or 1 group name may be used when writing information, although not all
groups are writable.
<p><b>Note:</b> Information in the MakerNotes may be edited, but not added or
deleted. The reason for this is to avoid confusing manufacturer-specific
software which may be very inflexible about the information it expects in the
maker notes. The exception is the JpgFromRaw image, which may be added or
deleted from Canon CRW files. This has been tested and doesn't cause problems
for me with the Canon software or Photoshop, however it does confuse Capture One
somewhat if this image is missing, so beware.
<h3>Argument Syntax for Writing Information</h3>
<p>Tag values are writen rather than being extracted if the tag name ends with a '='
symbol. The '=' may be prefixed by '+', '-' or '<' to add a value, remove a value
or set a value from file. The following table outlines the different write syntaxes:
<blockquote><table cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 border=1>
<tr bgcolor='#dddddd'><th>Syntax</th><th>Result</th></tr>
<tr><td>-TAG=</td><td>Deletes all occurrances of TAG</td></tr>
<tr><td>-all=</td><td>Deletes all meta information!</td></tr>
<tr><td>-GROUP:TAG=</td><td>Deletes TAG only in specified group</td></tr>
<tr><td>-GROUP:all=</td><td>Deletes all information in specified group</td></tr>
<tr><td>-[GROUP:]TAG=VALUE</td><td>Sets value of TAG (only in GROUP if specified)</td></tr>
<tr><td>-[GROUP:]TAG+=VALUE</td><td>Adds value to a tag list (only valid for List type tags)</td></tr>
<tr><td>-[GROUP:]TAG-=VALUE</td><td>Deletes TAG only if it has the specified value</td></tr>
<tr><td>-[GROUP:]TAG<=FILE</td><td>Sets tag value from contents of specified file</td></tr>
</table></blockquote>
<p>Note that quotes are required around VALUE if it contains spaces, and around the
whole argument if the '<=' syntax is used (to prevent shell redirection).
<h3>The "-TagsFromFile" Option</h3>
A special ExifTool option allows copying tags from one file to another. The
command-line syntax for doing this is "-TagsFromFile SRCFILE". Any tags
specifed after this option on the command line are extracted from source file
and written to the destination file. If no tags are specified, then all writable
tags are copied. This option is very simple, yet very powerful. Depending on
the formats of the source and destination files, some of tags read may not be
valid in the destination file, in which case they aren't written.
<p>This option may also be used to transfer information between different tags
within a single image or between different images. See the
<a href="exiftool_pod.html">exiftool application documentation</a> for more
details.
<h2><a name="shift">Date/Time Shift Feature</a></h2>
Have you ever forgotten to set the date/time on your digital camera before
taking a bunch of pictures? ExifTool has a time shift feature that makes it
easy to apply a batch fix to the timestamps of the images. For example, say
that your camera clock was reset to 2000:01:01 00:00:00 when you put in a
new battery at 2005:11:03 10:48:00. Then all of the pictures you took
subsequently have timestamps that are wrong by 5 years, 10 months, 2 days, 10
hours and 48 minutes. To fix this, put all of the images in the same directory
("DIR") and run exiftool:
<blockquote><table cellpadding=4 bgcolor='#dddddd'><tr><td><pre>
exiftool -DateTimeOriginal+='5:10:2 10:48:0' DIR
</pre></td></tr></table></blockquote>
Or say you just forgot to set your camera clock back 1 hour at the end of
daylight savings time in the fall:
<blockquote><table cellpadding=4 bgcolor='#dddddd'><tr><td><pre>
exiftool -DateTimeOriginal-=1 DIR
</pre></td></tr></table></blockquote>
The examples above change only the DateTimeOriginal tag, but any writable date
or time tag can be shifted. See
<a href="http://search.cpan.org/dist/Image-ExifTool/lib/Image/ExifTool/Shift.pl">Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl</a>
for details about the syntax of the time shift string.
<h2>Improving Performance</h2>
The processing speed of ExifTool can be dramatically improved when extracting
information by reducing the amount of work that it must do. Disabling the
composite tags (-e option) and the print conversions (-n option) will speed
things up somewhat if these features aren't required, but the biggest
performance benefits come from reducing the number of extracted tags. By
specifying only the tags you need to extract, you can speed things up
significantly.
<h2>The Image::ExifTool Perl Library Module</h2>
The 'exiftool' script is essentially just a command-line interface to the
Image::ExifTool Perl library module which is part of the ExifTool distribution.
The Image::ExifTool module can be used in any Perl script to provide easy access
to meta information. Here is an example a very simple script that uses
Image::ExifTool to print out all recognized meta information in a file:
<blockquote><table cellpadding=4 bgcolor='#dddddd'><tr><td><pre>
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
use Image::ExifTool 'ImageInfo';
my $file = shift or die "Please specify filename";
my $info = ImageInfo($file);
foreach (keys %$info) {
print "$_ : $info->{$_}\n";
}
</pre></td></tr></table></blockquote>
Note that some tag values may be returned as SCALAR references indicating
binary data. The simple script above does not handle this case.
<p>See the <a href="ExifTool.html">Image::ExifTool Documentation</a> for more details.
<h2>Related Utilities</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/Extract%20Preview.sit">Download</a>
a stand-alone Mac OS X droplet to extract preview images from RAW files (thanks to Brett Gross)
</ul>
<h2>Additional Documentation/Help</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="faq.html">ExifTool FAQ</a>
<li><a href="history.html">ExifTool Revision History</a>
<li><a href="exiftool_pod.html">exiftool Application Documentation</a>
<li><a href="TagNames/index.html">ExifTool Tag Names</a>
<li><a href="ExifTool.html">Image::ExifTool Module Documentation</a>
<li><a href="writing.html">Comments on the Subject of Writing Meta Information</a>
<li><a href="canon_raw.html">Canon RAW (CRW) File Format Specification</a>
<li><a href="http://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html?Name=Image-ExifTool">Bug Reports</a>
</ul>
Also, visit the <a href="http://www.cpanforum.com/dist/Image-ExifTool">ExifTool
Forum</a> at CPAN.
<p>Feel free to drop me a note if you find ExifTool useful, or if you have any
comments, suggestions or questions. My e-mail address is in the README file.
<h2>License</h2>
This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
same terms as Perl itself.
<h2>Boldly Go where No Man has Gone Before...</h2>
There is still much unknown information in the maker notes for many camera
models. (To see this information, run exiftool with the -U option.) If you
manage to figure out what any of it means, send me an e-mail and I'll update
ExifTool to decode this information. Many thanks to all who have helped so far...
<h2>Acknowledgements</h2>
The following sources of information were very useful in helping
to figure out the file formats
<ul>
<li>wwwis Perl utilites by Alex Knowles
<li><a href="http://park2.wakwak.com/~tsuruzoh/Computer/Digicams/exif-e.html">http://park2.wakwak.com/~tsuruzoh/Computer/Digicams/exif-e.html</a>
<li><a href="http://johnst.org/sw/exiftags/">http://johnst.org/sw/exiftags/</a>
<li><a href="http://search.cpan.org/dist/Image-Info/">http://search.cpan.org/dist/Image-Info/</a>
<li><a href="http://www.sentex.net/~mwandel/jhead/">http://www.sentex.net/~mwandel/jhead/</a>
<li><a href="http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/libexif/libexif/">http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/libexif/libexif/</a>
<li><a href="http://neuemuenze.heim1.tu-clausthal.de/~sven/crwinfo/">http://neuemuenze.heim1.tu-clausthal.de/~sven/crwinfo/</a>
<li><a href="http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/">http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/</a>
<li><a href="http://www.dalibor.cz/minolta/makernote.htm">http://www.dalibor.cz/minolta/makernote.htm</a>
<li><a href="http://www.exif.org/Exif2-2.PDF">http://www.exif.org/Exif2-2.PDF</a>
<li><a href="http://www.x3f.info/technotes/FileDocs/MakerNoteDoc.html">http://www.x3f.info/technotes/FileDocs/MakerNoteDoc.html</a>
<li><a href="http://search.cpan.org/~bettelli/Image-MetaData-JPEG-0.11/">http://search.cpan.org/~bettelli/Image-MetaData-JPEG-0.11/</a>
<li><a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/dng/main.html">http://www.adobe.com/products/dng/main.html</a>
<li><a href="http://www.awaresystems.be/imaging/tiff/tifftags.html">http://www.awaresystems.be/imaging/tiff/tifftags.html</a>
</ul>
Thanks to everyone who has sent in bug reports, comments, or suggestions, and
special thanks to the following people for their valuable input and/or additions
to the code:
<ul>
<li>Malcolm Wotton for his help with the D30 Custom Functions
<li>David Anson for his help sorting out binary file problems on Windows
<li>Leon Booyens for his suggestions
<li>Jeremy Brown for the "35efl" tags
<li>Dan Heller for his bug reports, detailed suggestions and guidance
<li>Wayne Smith for his help figuring out the Pentax maker notes
<li>Michael Rommel for his bug fixes and additions to the Canon maker notes
<li>Joseph Heled for help figuring out some of the Nikon D70 maker notes
<li>Joachim Loehr for adding the Casio type 2 maker notes
<li>Greg Troxel for his suggestions and for adding ExifTool to pkgsrc
<li>Jay Al-Saadi for his discoveries with the Minolta white balance tag
<li>Thomas Walter for figuring out some Nikon tags
<li>Brian Ristuccia for more information about some Nikon tags
<li>Daniel Pittman for his additions to the Canon WhiteBalance conversion
<li>Christian Koller for decoding the 20D custom functions
<li>Juha Eskelinen for figuring out the 20D FileNumber
<li>Matt Madrid for his testing and feedback
<li>Tom Christiansen for his help decoding some Nikon tags
<li>Markku Hänninen for help decoding tags for the Olympus E-1
<li>Frank Ledwon for decoding many new Olympus tags
<li>Robert Rottmerhusen for decoding many tricky Nikon lens data tags
<li>Michael Tiemann for decoding a number of new Canon tags
<li>Albert Bogner for his image samples, testing and useful suggestions
<li>Rainer Hönle for decoding a number of new Canon 5D tags
</ul>
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