# == ToDo
# + Move Error.pm code into module
# + 'with' clashes with Moose
# + Remove Simple
# + Support $_ as error topic
#
# - Add system error classes
# - Support autodie
# - Move most Error stuff into errors package
# - Replace ObjectifyCallback
#
# == Tests
# - nesting of try stuff
# + otherwise
# + except
# + -with_using
# + $_ is used
#
# - assert
# - $@ is always undef
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package Error;
use strict;
use overload (
'""' => 'stringify',
'0+' => 'value',
'bool' => sub { return 1; },
'fallback' => 1
);
$Error::Depth = 0; # Depth to pass to caller()
$Error::Debug = 0; # Generate verbose stack traces
@Error::STACK = (); # Clause stack for try
$Error::THROWN = undef; # last error thrown, a workaround until die $ref works
my $LAST; # Last error created
my %ERROR; # Last error associated with package
sub _throw_Error_Simple
{
my $args = shift;
return RuntimeError->new($args->{'text'});
}
$Error::ObjectifyCallback = \&_throw_Error_Simple;
# Exported subs are defined in Error::subs
use Scalar::Util ();
sub import {
shift;
my @tags = @_;
local $Exporter::ExportLevel = $Exporter::ExportLevel + 1;
@tags = grep {
if( $_ eq ':warndie' ) {
Error::WarnDie->import();
0;
}
else {
1;
}
} @tags;
Error::subs->import(@tags);
}
# I really want to use last for the name of this method, but it is a keyword
# which prevent the syntax last Error
sub prior {
shift; # ignore
return $LAST unless @_;
my $pkg = shift;
return exists $ERROR{$pkg} ? $ERROR{$pkg} : undef
unless ref($pkg);
my $obj = $pkg;
my $err = undef;
if($obj->isa('HASH')) {
$err = $obj->{'__Error__'}
if exists $obj->{'__Error__'};
}
elsif($obj->isa('GLOB')) {
$err = ${*$obj}{'__Error__'}
if exists ${*$obj}{'__Error__'};
}
$err;
}
sub flush {
shift; #ignore
unless (@_) {
$LAST = undef;
return;
}
my $pkg = shift;
return unless ref($pkg);
undef $ERROR{$pkg} if defined $ERROR{$pkg};
}
# Return as much information as possible about where the error
# happened. The -stacktrace element only exists if $Error::DEBUG
# was set when the error was created
sub stacktrace {
my $self = shift;
return $self->{'-stacktrace'}
if exists $self->{'-stacktrace'};
my $text = exists $self->{'-text'} ? $self->{'-text'} : "Died";
$text .= sprintf(" at %s line %d.\n", $self->file, $self->line)
unless($text =~ /\n$/s);
$text;
}
sub associate {
my $err = shift;
my $obj = shift;
return unless ref($obj);
if($obj->isa('HASH')) {
$obj->{'__Error__'} = $err;
}
elsif($obj->isa('GLOB')) {
${*$obj}{'__Error__'} = $err;
}
$obj = ref($obj);
$ERROR{ ref($obj) } = $err;
return;
}
sub new {
my $self = shift;
my($pkg,$file,$line) = caller($Error::Depth);
my $err = bless {
'-package' => $pkg,
'-file' => $file,
'-line' => $line,
((@_ % 2) ? ('-text') : ()),
@_
}, $self;
$err->associate($err->{'-object'})
if(exists $err->{'-object'});
# To always create a stacktrace would be very inefficient, so
# we only do it if $Error::Debug is set
if($Error::Debug) {
require Carp;
local $Carp::CarpLevel = $Error::Depth;
my $text = defined($err->{'-text'}) ? $err->{'-text'} : "Error";
my $trace = Carp::longmess($text);
# Remove try calls from the trace
$trace =~ s/(\n\s+\S+__ANON__[^\n]+)?\n\s+eval[^\n]+\n\s+Error::subs::try[^\n]+(?=\n)//sog;
$trace =~ s/(\n\s+\S+__ANON__[^\n]+)?\n\s+eval[^\n]+\n\s+Error::subs::run_clauses[^\n]+\n\s+Error::subs::try[^\n]+(?=\n)//sog;
$err->{'-stacktrace'} = $trace
}
$@ = $LAST = $ERROR{$pkg} = $err;
}
# Throw an error. this contains some very gory code.
sub throw {
my $self = shift;
local $Error::Depth = $Error::Depth + 1;
# if we are not rethrow-ing then create the object to throw
$self = $self->new(@_) unless ref($self);
die $Error::THROWN = $self;
}
# syntactic sugar for
#
# die with Error( ... );
sub with {
my $self = shift;
local $Error::Depth = $Error::Depth + 1;
$self->new(@_);
}
# syntactic sugar for
#
# record Error( ... ) and return;
sub record {
my $self = shift;
local $Error::Depth = $Error::Depth + 1;
$self->new(@_);
}
# catch clause for
#
# try { ... } catch CLASS with { ... }
sub catch {
my $pkg = shift;
my $code = shift;
my $clauses = shift || {};
my $catch = $clauses->{'catch'} ||= [];
unshift @$catch, $pkg, $code;
$clauses;
}
# Object query methods
sub object {
my $self = shift;
exists $self->{'-object'} ? $self->{'-object'} : undef;
}
sub file {
my $self = shift;
exists $self->{'-file'} ? $self->{'-file'} : undef;
}
sub line {
my $self = shift;
exists $self->{'-line'} ? $self->{'-line'} : undef;
}
sub text {
my $self = shift;
exists $self->{'-text'} ? $self->{'-text'} : undef;
}
# overload methods
sub stringify {
my $self = shift;
defined $self->{'-text'} ? $self->{'-text'} : "Died";
}
sub value {
my $self = shift;
exists $self->{'-value'} ? $self->{'-value'} : undef;
}
##########################################################################
##########################################################################
# Inspired by code from Jesse Glick <jglick@sig.bsh.com> and
# Peter Seibel <peter@weblogic.com>
package Error::subs;
use Exporter ();
use vars qw(@EXPORT_OK @ISA %EXPORT_TAGS);
@EXPORT_OK = qw(try with finally except otherwise);
%EXPORT_TAGS = (try => \@EXPORT_OK);
@ISA = qw(Exporter);
sub run_clauses ($$$\@) {
my($clauses,$err,$wantarray,$result) = @_;
my $code = undef;
$err = $Error::ObjectifyCallback->({'text' =>$err}) unless ref($err);
CATCH: {
# catch
my $catch;
if(defined($catch = $clauses->{'catch'})) {
my $i = 0;
CATCHLOOP:
for( ; $i < @$catch ; $i += 2) {
my $pkg = $catch->[$i];
unless(defined $pkg) {
#except
splice(@$catch,$i,2,$catch->[$i+1]->($err));
$i -= 2;
next CATCHLOOP;
}
elsif(Scalar::Util::blessed($err) && $err->isa($pkg)) {
$code = $catch->[$i+1];
while(1) {
my $more = 0;
local($Error::THROWN, $@);
$_ = $@ = $err;
my $ok = eval {
$@ = $err;
if($wantarray) {
@{$result} = $code->($err,\$more);
}
elsif(defined($wantarray)) {
@{$result} = ();
$result->[0] = $code->($err,\$more);
}
else {
$code->($err,\$more);
}
1;
};
if( $ok ) {
next CATCHLOOP if $more;
undef $err;
}
else {
$err = $@ || $Error::THROWN;
$err = $Error::ObjectifyCallback->({'text' =>$err})
unless ref($err);
}
last CATCH;
};
}
}
}
# otherwise
my $owise;
if(defined($owise = $clauses->{'otherwise'})) {
my $code = $clauses->{'otherwise'};
my $more = 0;
local($Error::THROWN, $@);
$_ = $@ = $err;
my $ok = eval {
$@ = $err;
if($wantarray) {
@{$result} = $code->($err,\$more);
}
elsif(defined($wantarray)) {
@{$result} = ();
$result->[0] = $code->($err,\$more);
}
else {
$code->($err,\$more);
}
1;
};
if( $ok ) {
undef $err;
}
else {
$err = $@ || $Error::THROWN;
$err = $Error::ObjectifyCallback->({'text' =>$err})
unless ref($err);
}
}
}
undef $_;
undef $@;
return $err;
}
sub try (&;$) {
my $try = shift;
my $clauses = @_ ? shift : {};
my $ok = 0;
my $err = undef;
my @result = ();
unshift @Error::STACK, $clauses;
my $wantarray = wantarray();
do {
local $Error::THROWN = undef;
local $@ = undef;
$ok = eval {
if($wantarray) {
@result = $try->();
}
elsif(defined $wantarray) {
$result[0] = $try->();
}
else {
$try->();
}
1;
};
$err = $@ || $Error::THROWN
unless $ok;
};
shift @Error::STACK;
$err = run_clauses($clauses,$err,wantarray,@result)
unless($ok);
$clauses->{'finally'}->()
if(defined($clauses->{'finally'}));
if (defined($err))
{
if (Scalar::Util::blessed($err) && $err->can('throw'))
{
throw $err;
}
else
{
die $err;
}
}
wantarray ? @result : $result[0];
}
# Each clause adds a sub to the list of clauses. The finally clause is
# always the last, and the otherwise clause is always added just before
# the finally clause.
#
# All clauses, except the finally clause, add a sub which takes one argument
# this argument will be the error being thrown. The sub will return a code ref
# if that clause can handle that error, otherwise undef is returned.
#
# The otherwise clause adds a sub which unconditionally returns the users
# code reference, this is why it is forced to be last.
#
# The catch clause is defined in Error.pm, as the syntax causes it to
# be called as a method
sub with (&;$) {
@_
}
sub finally (&) {
my $code = shift;
my $clauses = { 'finally' => $code };
$clauses;
}
# The except clause is a block which returns a hashref or a list of
# key-value pairs, where the keys are the classes and the values are subs.
sub except (&;$) {
my $code = shift;
my $clauses = shift || {};
my $catch = $clauses->{'catch'} ||= [];
my $sub = sub {
my $ref;
my(@array) = $code->($_[0]);
if(@array == 1 && ref($array[0])) {
$ref = $array[0];
$ref = [ %$ref ]
if(UNIVERSAL::isa($ref,'HASH'));
}
else {
$ref = \@array;
}
@$ref
};
unshift @{$catch}, undef, $sub;
$clauses;
}
sub otherwise (&;$) {
my $code = shift;
my $clauses = shift || {};
if(exists $clauses->{'otherwise'}) {
require Carp;
Carp::croak("Multiple otherwise clauses");
}
$clauses->{'otherwise'} = $code;
$clauses;
}
1;
package Error::WarnDie;
sub gen_callstack($)
{
my ( $start ) = @_;
require Carp;
local $Carp::CarpLevel = $start;
my $trace = Carp::longmess("");
# Remove try calls from the trace
$trace =~ s/(\n\s+\S+__ANON__[^\n]+)?\n\s+eval[^\n]+\n\s+Error::subs::try[^\n]+(?=\n)//sog;
$trace =~ s/(\n\s+\S+__ANON__[^\n]+)?\n\s+eval[^\n]+\n\s+Error::subs::run_clauses[^\n]+\n\s+Error::subs::try[^\n]+(?=\n)//sog;
my @callstack = split( m/\n/, $trace );
return @callstack;
}
my $old_DIE;
my $old_WARN;
sub DEATH
{
my ( $e ) = @_;
local $SIG{__DIE__} = $old_DIE if( defined $old_DIE );
die @_ if $^S;
my ( $etype, $message, $location, @callstack );
if ( ref($e) && $e->isa( "Error" ) ) {
$etype = "exception of type " . ref( $e );
$message = $e->text;
$location = $e->file . ":" . $e->line;
@callstack = split( m/\n/, $e->stacktrace );
}
else {
# Don't apply subsequent layer of message formatting
die $e if( $e =~ m/^\nUnhandled perl error caught at toplevel:\n\n/ );
$etype = "perl error";
my $stackdepth = 0;
while( caller( $stackdepth ) =~ m/^Error(?:$|::)/ ) {
$stackdepth++
}
@callstack = gen_callstack( $stackdepth + 1 );
$message = "$e";
chomp $message;
if ( $message =~ s/ at (.*?) line (\d+)\.$// ) {
$location = $1 . ":" . $2;
}
else {
my @caller = caller( $stackdepth );
$location = $caller[1] . ":" . $caller[2];
}
}
shift @callstack;
# Do it this way in case there are no elements; we don't print a spurious \n
my $callstack = join( "", map { "$_\n"} @callstack );
die "\nUnhandled $etype caught at toplevel:\n\n $message\n\nThrown from: $location\n\nFull stack trace:\n\n$callstack\n";
}
sub TAXES
{
my ( $message ) = @_;
local $SIG{__WARN__} = $old_WARN if( defined $old_WARN );
$message =~ s/ at .*? line \d+\.$//;
chomp $message;
my @callstack = gen_callstack( 1 );
my $location = shift @callstack;
# $location already starts in a leading space
$message .= $location;
# Do it this way in case there are no elements; we don't print a spurious \n
my $callstack = join( "", map { "$_\n"} @callstack );
warn "$message:\n$callstack";
}
sub import
{
$old_DIE = $SIG{__DIE__};
$old_WARN = $SIG{__WARN__};
$SIG{__DIE__} = \&DEATH;
$SIG{__WARN__} = \&TAXES;
}
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package errors;
use strict;
use 5.008;
our $VERSION = '0.03';
# use XXX; $YAML::UseCode = 1;
sub import {
my ($class, $directive) = @_;
if (not $directive) {
$class->export_commands(
qw(try catch with except otherwise finally assert)
);
}
elsif ($directive eq '-with_using') {
$class->export_commands(
qw(try catch using except otherwise finally assert)
);
}
elsif ($directive eq '-class') {
my ($class, %fields) = @_[2..$#_];
my $isa = $fields{-isa} || 'Error';
no strict 'refs';
@{$class . '::ISA'} = ($isa);
}
else {
die "Invalid usage of errors module: 'use errors @_[1..$#_]'";
}
}
sub export_commands {
my ($class, @exports) = @_;
local @Error::subs::EXPORT_OK = @exports;
local %Error::subs::EXPORT_TAGS;
$Error::subs::EXPORT_TAGS{try} = \@exports;
local $Exporter::ExportLevel += 2;
Error::subs->import(':try');
}
{
no warnings 'redefine';
# This function is modified from Error.pm
sub Error::subs::assert($$) {
my ($value, $msg) = @_;
die($msg) unless $value;
# throw Error($msg) unless $value;
return $value;
}
*Error::subs::using = \&Error::subs::with;
}
package RuntimeError;
@RuntimeError::ISA = ('Error');
1;
=encoding utf8
=head1 NAME
errors - Error Handling for Perl
=head1 STATUS
This module is still under design. Don't use it in production yet.
A few things in this documentation are not yet implemented.
NOTE: If you have suggestions as to how this module should behave, now
is a great time to contact the author.
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use strict;
use warnings;
use errors;
use errors -class => 'UncoolError';
try {
$cool = something();
throw UncoolError("Something is not cool")
if not $cool;
assert($ok, "Everything is ok");
}
catch AssertionError with {
my $e = shift;
warn "$e";
}
catch UncoolError with {
# $_ is the same as $_[0]
warn;
}
otherwise {
# $@ is the same as $_[0]
warn "Some other error: $@";
}
finally {
cleanup();
};
=head1 DESCRIPTION
The C<errors> module adds clean, simple, sane, flexible and usable error
handling to Perl. The module does several things:
First, C<errors> exports a error handling syntax that is backwards
compatible with Error.pm, but with a few improvements. Error.pm syntax
is very well done; about as close to other modern language's exception
handling as you can get using Pure Normal Perl.
Second, all errors that are thrown are first class Perl objects. They
all inherit from the C<Error> class, which is provided by default. This
allows you to manipulate errors in a consistent and intuitive way.
Third, The C<errors> module makes it trivial to define your own error
classes, and encourages you to do so. Simply define a class that
inherits from C<Error> (or one of its subclasses).
Fourth, C<errors> turns plain (string based) system errors and other
die/croak errors into specific Perl objects. It uses heuristics on the error
string to determine which Error class to use, and defaults to the C<RuntimeError>
class.
Fifth, C<errors> provides dozens of predefined error classes that you
can use or that get used automatically by the auto-objectification.
These classes are in an inheritance hierarchy that should become
standard for Perl.
Lastly, C<errors> is designed to play nice with all the modern Perl
frameworks (like Moose) and the other popular error handling modules.
=head1 SIMPLE TO USE
The main goal of C<errors> is to encourage the widespread use of error
handling in Perl. In other languages like Python, coining your own named
error classes and using raise/except is as common as using if/else
statements. Here's a Python example.
class FooError(Exception):
pass
try:
something()
catch FooError as e:
handle_error(e)
Now you can do that in Perl:
use errors;
package FooError;
use base 'Error';
package MyModule;
try {
something();
}
catch FooError with {
my $e = shift;
handle_error($e);
};
As you can see, using C<errors> is simple and unobtrusive. Why not start all
your programs with:
use strict;
use errors;
use warnings;
Defining your own error classes is also trivial, and C<errors> provides an
even more concise way to do it:
use errors -class => 'FooError';
In the catch/with clause, you can also use C<$@> to access the current
error object like this:
catch FooError with {
handle_error($@);
};
=head1 USAGE
There are a few different usages of C<errors> that you should be aware of:
=over
=item use errors;
This exports the C<errors> syntax, and loads all the C<errors> functionality.
=item use errors -class => 'ClassName' [, -isa => 'BaseClass'];
The C<-class> directive gives you a way to define an error subclass at compile
time, in one simple line of code. You can optionally specify the base class.
The default base class is C<Error>.
NOTE: This usage does not export the C<errors> (try/catch) syntax.
=item use errors -with_using;
Unfortunately C<Moose> and C<errors> both export the C<with> subroutine.
If C<errors> sees that C<Moose> (or someone else) has already exported
C<with>, it will export the C<using> subroutine instead:
use Moose;
use errors;
try {...} catch Error using {...};
The C<-with_using> directive tells C<errors> to do this regardless.
=back
=head1 SYNTAX
The C<errors> module introduces a number of keyword constructs that you can
use to create and manage error objects.
=over
=item try { ... }
Like an eval block. After the code is evaluated, the appropriate clauses
(catch, except, otherwise, finally) are called.
=item catch <error-selector> with { ... }
This clause is invoked when an error happens in the C<try> block, and
the class of the error object satisfies the ErrorSelector specified. You
may specify many C<catch> clauses, to deal with different error
situations.
The <error-selector> can be any of the following forms:
# Class matches a specific error class
catch ErrorClass with { ... }
# Class matches a specific regexp
catch qr/.../ with { ... }
# A subroutine returns a true value
catch sub { ... } with { ... }
# One of a list of error selectors
catch selector1, selector2, selector3 with { ... }
# All of an array list of selectors
catch [ selector1, selector2, selector3 ] with { ... }
NOTE: This is a major difference from Error.pm, which only allows a
single class as a selector.
=item except { ... }
This clause returns a hash of error handlers, if no handler is found.
=item otherwise { ... }
This clause is invoked when there is an error from the C<try> block, but no
C<catch> clauses were invoked.
=item finally { ... }
This clause is always invoked as the final step in the C<try> sequence,
regardless of whatever things happen.
=item throw("...");
The throw keyword is not actually exported. It is a method call on the
Error object. So you can use it indirectly or directly. These two calls
are identical:
throw MyError("Something is wrong");
MyError->throw("Something is wrong");
You can also use throw to reraise an error in a catch/except block, like this:
$@->throw();
=item assert($value, "assertion message");
This function will throw an AssertionError error unless C<$value> is true.
=back
=head1 ERROR OBJECTS
All errrors are Perl objects. They all have the 'Error' class as their
topmost parent class. They all have the following methods and
properties:
=over
=item throw Error($msg [, %properties]);
This method throws a new instance of the error class. It is described more
fully above.
=item $@->text()
The C<text> method gets or sets the error message for the object.
=item Stringification
All Error objects turn into their C<text> string value when used in string
context.
=item Numification
All Error objects turn into a unique number when used in numeric context.
=over
=head1 PREDEFINED CLASSES
The C<errors> module defines a number of error classes that it uses to cast
errors into. You can also create error objects yourself using these classes.
The classes are defined in a hierarchy:
+ Error
+ StandardError
+ ArithmeticError
+ DivideByZeroError
+ AssertionError
+ IOError
+ IOFileError
+ IOFileOpenError
+ NotImplementedError
+ SyntaxError
+ RuntimeError
+ UserError
+ user defined errors should inherit from this
Some of these are obvious. Some deserve elaboration.
=over
=item AssertionError
Indicates a failed C<assert> call.
=item SyntaxError
Indicates a bad string eval.
=item NotImplementedError
You can throw this in a stub subroutine.
=item RuntimeError
Indicates an unknown error probably caused by a C<die> statement..
=back
NOTE: These error classes are still being determined. This list is not yet
complete. The current hierarchy was influenced from these sources.
* http://search.cpan.org/perldoc?autodie#CATEGORIES
* http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0348/#new-hierarchy
=head1 FAQ
=over
=item Q: What is the difference between 'errors' and 'exceptions'?
=item A: Four letters.
=item Q: Is C<errors> performant?
=item A: Yes. Very. The module is small, simple, has no dependencies and
no string evals.
=item Q: Why another error/exception module?
=item A: Because it has the perfect name.
=back
=head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The original code and ideas for this module were taken from Error.pm.
=head1 AUTHOR
Ingy döt Net <ingy@cpan.org>
=head1 COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2009. Ingy döt Net.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the same terms as Perl itself.
See http://www.perl.com/perl/misc/Artistic.html
=cut