package Aviation::Report;
use strict;
use vars qw($VERSION @ISA @EXPORT @EXPORT_OK);
require Exporter;
@ISA = qw(Exporter AutoLoader);
# Items to export into callers namespace by default. Note: do not export
# names by default without a very good reason. Use EXPORT_OK instead.
# Do not simply export all your public functions/methods/constants.
@EXPORT = qw(
decode_METAR_TAF decode_PIREP
);
$VERSION = '1.02';
my %abb = ();
while (<DATA>) {
chomp;
next if /^#?$/;
my ($abbrev, $desc) = split /:/;
$abb{$abbrev} = $desc;
}
my @low = ('None', 'Cumulus (fair wx)', ' Cumulus (towering)', 'Cumulonimbus (no anvil)', 'Stratocumulus', 'Stratocumulus', 'Stratus', 'Fractocumulus/Fractostratus', 'Cumulus and Stratocumulus', 'Cumulonimbus');
my @middle = ('None', 'Altostratus (thin)', 'Altostratus (thick)', 'Altocumulus (thin)', 'Altocumulus (patchy)', 'Altocumulus (thickening)', 'Altocumulus (from Cumulonimbus)', 'Altocumulus (w/Ac,As,Ns)', 'Altocumulus (w/turrets)', 'Altocumulus (chaotic)');
my @high = ('None', 'Cirrus (filaments)', 'Cirrus (dense)', 'Cirrus (often w/Cb)', 'Cirrus (thickening)', 'Cirrus/Cirrostratus (low in sky)', 'Cirrus/Cirrostratus (high in sky)', 'Cirrostratus (entire sky)', 'Cirrostratus (partial)', 'Cirrocumulus or Cirrocumulus/Cirrus/Cirrostratus');
my %abb_pirep = ( UA => 'routine pilot report',
UUA => 'urgent pilot report',
OV => 'location',
TM => 'time',
FL => 'altitude',
TP => 'type of aircraft',
SK => 'sky cover',
WX => 'weather',
TA => 'temperature',
WV => 'wind',
TB => 'turbulence',
IC => 'icing',
RM => 'remarks',
CLR => 'clear',
LGT => 'light',
MDT => 'moderate',
HVY => 'heavy',
);
1;
sub decode_PIREP {
my ($s, $style) = @_;
my $s = uc $s;
my ($out) = $s . "\n" if $style;
my $token;
my @tokens = split m:/:, $s;
while ($token = shift @tokens) {
my ($element, $value) = ('', '');
if (($element, $value) = split / /, $token, 2) {
if (exists $abb_pirep{$element}) {
$out .= $abb_pirep{$element} . ' ';
}
else {
if ($element =~ /^(\d{3})$/) {
$out .= int($1)."00 feet ";
foreach (split / /, $value) {
if (/^(\d{3})$/) {
$out .= int($1)."00 feet ";
}
elsif (/^([A-Z]+)$/) {
if (exists $abb{$1}) {
$out .= $abb{$1} . ' ';
}
else {
$out .= $1 . ' ';
}
}
else {
$out .= $_;
}
}
}
else {
$out .= $element;
}
$out .= "\n";
next;
}
if ($element eq 'IC' or $element eq 'TB') {
if (exists $abb_pirep{$value}) {
$out .= $abb_pirep{$value};
}
else {
$out .= $value;
}
}
elsif ($element eq 'OV' and $value =~ /^(.*?) (\d{3})(\d{3})$/) {
$out .= int($2) ." nautical miles on the $3 degree radial from $1";
}
elsif ($element eq 'SK') {
foreach (split / /, $value) {
if (/^(\d{3})$/) {
$out .= int($1)."00 feet msl ";
}
elsif (/^([A-Z]+)$/) {
if (exists $abb{$1}) {
$out .= $abb{$1};
}
else {
$out .= $1;
}
}
else {
$out .= $_;
}
}
}
elsif ($value =~ /^(\d{3})(\d{3})$/) {
$out .= "from $1 degrees magnetic at @{[int $2]} knots";
}
elsif ($value =~ /^(\d{2})(\d{2})$/) {
$out .= "$1:$2 zulu";
}
elsif ($value =~ /^(\d{3})$/) {
$out .= int($1)."00 feet msl ";
}
else {
$out .= $value;
}
$out .= " degrees Celsius" if $element eq 'TA';
$out .= " (MSL)" if $element eq 'SK';
}
$out .= "\n";
}
$out;
}
sub decode_METAR_TAF {
my ($s, $style) = @_;
$s = uc $s if $style;
$s =~ s/=//g;
my ($out) = '';
$out = $s . "\n";
my $id = '';
my $token;
my @tokens = split /\s+/, $s;
while ($token = shift @tokens) {
$out .= $token . "\t" if $style;
my $intensity = substr($token, 0, 1);
if ($intensity eq '-') {
$intensity = 'light';
}
elsif ($intensity eq '+') {
$intensity = 'heavy';
}
if ($intensity eq 'light' or $intensity eq 'heavy') {
$out .= $intensity . ' ';# off for -TSRA
$token = substr($token,1);
}
# Part 1: Identification Section
if ($id eq '' and $token =~ /^[A-Z]{4}$/) {
$id = $token;
$out .= "for airport " . $token;
}
elsif ($token =~ /^(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})Z$/) {
$out .= "issued day $1 at $2:$3 zulu";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})$/) {
$out .= "valid from day $1 at $2:00 to $3:00 zulu";
}
# Part 2: Observations Section
elsif ($token =~ /^00000KT$/) {
$out .= "wind light and variable";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^VRB(\d{2})KT$/) {
$out .= "variable wind direction at @{[int $1]} knots";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^(\d{3})V(\d{3})$/) {
$out .= "wind varies from $1 to $2";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^(\d{3})(\d{2})(G?)(\d+)?KT$/) {
$out .= "wind from $1 true at @{[int $2]} knots";
$out .= " gusts to $4" if $3 eq 'G';
}
elsif ($token =~ /^(\d{1,2})$/) {
$out .= "ground visibility $1";
if ($token = shift @tokens) {
if ($token =~ /^(\d+\/\d+)$/) {
$out .= " and $1 statute miles";
}
}
}
elsif ($token =~ /^(P?)(\d+)SM$/) {
$out .= "ground visibility @{[$1 eq 'P'?'more than ':'']}$2 statute miles";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^(\d+)\/(\d+)SM$/) {
$out .= "ground visibility $1/$2 statute miles ";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^R(\d{2})(L|C|R)\/(M|P)?(\d+)FT$/) {
$out .= "runway visibility for Rwy $1$2 is @{[$3 eq 'M'?'less than minimum of ':'']}@{[$3 eq 'M'?'more than maximum of ':'']}$4 feet";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^HZ$/) {
$out .= "weather hazard (or maybe just haze)";
}
# Part 3: Gauge Readings
elsif ($token =~ /^(M?)(\d{2,3})\/(M?)(\d{2,3})$/) {
$out .= "temperature @{[$1?'-':'']}@{[int($2)]} Celsius, dew point @{[$3?'-':'']}@{[int($4)]} Celsius.";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^A(\d{2})(\d{2})$/) {
$out .= "altimeter setting $1.$2 inches mercury";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^Q(\d{3})(\d)$/) {
$out .= "altimeter setting $1.$2 hectopascals";
}
# Part 4: Remarks and Coded Data
elsif ($token =~ /^AO(1|2)$/) {
$out .= "automated station type $1: @{[$1 eq '01'?'cannot detect precipitation':'has precipitation discriminator']}";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^P(\d{4})$/) {
$out .= "precipitation @{[$1/100]} inches in last hour";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^(\d{3})(\d{2})\/(\d{2})$/) {
$out .= "wind from $1 at $2 knots starting at $3 after the hour";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^1(0|1)(\d{3})$/) {
$out .= "max temp in last 6 hours @{[$1?'-':'']}@{[$2/10]} Celsius";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^2(0|1)(\d{3})$/) {
$out .= "min temp in last 6 hours @{[$1?'-':'']}@{[$2/10]} Celsius";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^4\/(\d{3})$/) {
$out .= "snow depth on ground is @{[$1]} inches";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^5(\d)(\d{3})$/) {
$out .= "3 hour pressure tendency ";
if ($1 eq '4') {
$out .= "stationary ";
}
elsif ($1 gt '4') {
$out .= "decreased ";
}
else {
$out .= "increased ";
}
$out .= $2/10 . " millibars";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^6(\d{4})$/) {
$out .= "3 and 6 hour precipitation @{[$1/100]} inches";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^7(\d{4})$/) {
$out .= "24 hour total precipitation @{[$1/100]} inches";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^8\/(\d)(\d)(\d)$/) {
$out .= "WMO cloud types $low[$1], $middle[$2], $high[$3]";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^98(\d{3})$/) {
$out .= "$1 minutes of sunshine during day";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^933(\d{3})$/) {
$out .= "standing water equivalent of @{[$1/10]} inches";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^SLP(\d{3})$/) {
$out .= "sea level Pressure @{[($1/10) + (($1<700)?1000:900)]} millibars";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^FM(\d{2})(\d{2})$/) {
$out .= "from $1:$2 zulu";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^PROB(\d{2})$/) {
$out .= "probability $1%";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^WS(\d{3})\/(\d{3})(\d{2,3})KT$/) { # TAF WS
$out .= "wind shear at $1 feet from $2 degrees at $3 knots";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^4(\d)(\d{3})(\d)(\d{3})$/) {
$out .= "max 6 hour temperature @{[$1?'-':'']}@{[$2/10]} Celsius, min 6 hour temp @{[$3?'-':'']}@{[$4/10]} Celsius";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^T(\d)(\d{3})(\d)(\d{3})$/) {
$out .= "temperature @{[$1?'-':'']}@{[$2/10]} Celsius, dew point @{[$3?'-':'']}@{[$4/10]} Celsius";
}
elsif ($token =~ /^([A-Z]{2})B(\d{2})$/) {
if (exists $abb{$1}) {
$out .= $abb{$1} . " began at $2 minutes after the hour";
}
else {
$out .= $token . "?";
}
}
elsif ($token =~ /^(\d{2})(\d{2})$/) {
$out .= "from $1:00 to $2:00";
}
# Miscellaneous Tokens
elsif (exists $abb{$token}) {
$out .= $abb{$token};
}
elsif ($token =~ /^([A-Z]{3})([0-9]+)(CB|TCU)?(VV)?(\d{3})?$/) {
if ($1 eq 'FEW' or $1 eq 'SCT' or $1 eq 'BKN' or $1 eq 'OVC') {
$out .= $abb{$1} . " clouds start at @{[$2 * 100]} feet AGL";
}
elsif (exists $abb{$1}) {
$out .= $abb{$1} . $2;
}
else {
$out .= $token . "?";
}
if ($3 eq 'CB') {
$out .= " with cumulonimbus (rain)";
}
elsif ($3 eq 'TCU') {
$out .= " with towering cumulus";
}
if ($4 eq 'VV') {
$out .= " vertical visibility (indefinite ceiling) $5 feet";
}
}
# supposed to be max 3 groups, BR should always be by itself
elsif ($token =~ /^([A-Z]{2,})$/) {
my $i = 0;
my $x = '';
foreach (split //, $1) {
$i++;
$x .= $_;
if ($i == 2) {
if (exists $abb{$x}) {
$out .= $abb{$x} . ' ';
}
else {
$out .= $x . "?";
}
$i = 0;
$x = '';
}
}
}
else {
$out .= $token . "?";
}
$out .= "\n";
}
$out;
}
=head1 NAME
Aviation::Report - Perl extension for translating U.S. METAR, TAF and PIREP textual reports into plain English.
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use strict;
use Aviation::Report;
print decode_METAR_TAF(report, style);
print decode_PIREP(report, style);
=head1 DESCRIPTION
Translates U.S. METAR, TAF and PIREP text reports into plain English.
Although the syntax of these reports is standardized, it is not as
obvious as it first appears to make correct translations.
The style option controls the final appearance. A style of 0 emits
only plain English, while 1 includes the original tokens for
reference purposes.
=head1 AUTHOR
James Briggs <71022.3700@compuserve.com>
=head1 SEE ALSO
METAR.pm by Jeremy Zawodny
=cut
__END__
Copyright 1998, AvWeb.com
$:maintenance needed
A:Altimeter
ACC:altocumulus castellanus
ACFT MSHP:aircraft mishap
ACSL:altocumulus standing lenticular cloud
ALP:airport location point
AMD:amended
AO1:automated station without precipitation discriminator
AO2:automated station with precipitation discriminator
APRNT:apparent
APRX:approximately
ATCT:airport traffic control tower
AUTO:automated report
B:began
BC:patches
BECMG:becoming
BKN:broken (5/8 - 7/8 coverage)
BL:blowing
BR:mist (visibility > 1/2 mile)
C:center (with reference to runway designation)
CA:cloud-air lightning
CAVOK:ceiling and visibility OK (viz >10 km, ceiling > 5000 feet, no precip)
CB:cumulonimbus cloud
CBMAM:cumulonimbus mammatus cloud
CC:cloud-cloud lightning
CCSL:cirrocumulus standing lenticular cloud
CG:cloud-ground lightning
CHI:cloud-height indicator
CHINO:sky condition at secondary location not available
CIG:ceiling
CLR:clear below 12,000 feet (automated)
CONS:continuous
COR:correction to a previously disseminated report
DOC:Department of Commerce
DOD:Department of Defense
DOT:Department of Transportation
DR:low drifting
DS:duststorm
DSNT:distant
DU:widespread dust
DZ:drizzle
E:east, ended
FAA:Federal Aviation Administration
FC:funnel cloud
FEW:few clouds (0/8 - 2/8 coverage)
FG:fog
FIBI:filed but impracticable to transmit
FIRST:first observation after a break in coverage at manual station
FROPA:frontal passage
FRQ:frequent
FT:feet
FU:smoke
FZ:freezing
FZRANO:freezing rain sensor not available
G:gust
GR:hail
GS:small hail and/or snow pellets
HZ:haze
IC:ice crystals, in-cloud lightning
ICAO:International Civil Aviation Organization
LTGIC:lightning in cloud
LTGICCG:lightning in cloud and cloud to ground
KT:knots
L:left (with reference to runway designation)
LAST:last observation before a break in coverage at a manual station
LST:Local Standard Time
LTG:lightning
LWR:lower
M:minus, less than
METAR:aviation routine weather report (observation)
MI:shallow
MOV:moved/moving/movement
MT:mountains
N:north
N/A:not applicable
NCDC:National Climatic Data Center
NE:northeast
NOS:National Ocean Service
NOSPECI:no SPECI reports are taken at the station
NSW:no significant weather
NW:northwest
NWS:National Weather Service
OCNL:occasional
OFCM:Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology
OVC:overcast (8/8 coverage)
OHD:overhead
P:greater than
PE:ice pellets
PK:peak
PK WND:peak wind
PNO:precipitation amount not available
PO:well-developed dust/sand whirls (dust devils)
PR:partial
PRESFR:pressure falling rapidly
PRESRR:pressure rising rapidly
PWINO:precipitation identifier sensor not available
PY:spray
R:right (with reference to runway designation)
RA:rain
RMK:Remarks
RVR:Runway Visual Range
RVRNO:RVR system not available
RWY:runway
S:south
SA:sand
SCSL:stratocumulus standing lenticular cloud
SCT:scattered (3/8 - 4/8 coverage)
SE:southeast
SFC:surface
SG:snow grains
SH:shower(s)
SKC:sky clear
SLP:sea-level pressure
SLPNO:sea-level pressure not available
SM:statute miles
SN:snow
SNINCR:snow increasing rapidly
SPECI:an unscheduled report taken when certain criteria have been met
SQ:squalls
SS:sandstorm
SW:southwest
TAF:routine terminal aerodrome forecast
TCU:towering cumulus
TEMPO:temporary
TESTM:AWOS METAR Test Report
TRSA:thunderstorm and rain shower
TS:thunderstorm
TSNO:thunderstorm information not available
TWR:tower
UP:unknown precipitation
UTC:Coordinated Universal Time
V:variable
VA:volcanic ash
VC:in the vicinity (5 - 10 miles from airport)
VIRGA:rain that doesn't reach ground
VIS:visibility
VISNO:visibility at secondary location not available
VRB:variable
VV:vertical visibility
W:west
WG/SO:Working Group for Surface Observations
WMO:World Meteorological Organization
WND:wind
WSHFT:wind shift
Z:zulu, i.e., Coordinated Universal Time