#
# "Tax the rat farms." - Lord Vetinari
#
# The following hash values are used:
# sign : +,-,NaN,+inf,-inf
# _d : denominator
# _n : numeraotr (value = _n/_d)
# _a : accuracy
# _p : precision
# _f : flags, used by MBR to flag parts of a rational as untouchable
package Math::BigRat;
require 5.005_03;
use strict;
use Exporter;
use Math::BigFloat;
use vars qw($VERSION @ISA $PACKAGE @EXPORT_OK $upgrade $downgrade
$accuracy $precision $round_mode $div_scale $_trap_nan $_trap_inf);
@ISA = qw(Exporter Math::BigFloat);
@EXPORT_OK = qw();
$VERSION = '0.10';
use overload; # inherit from Math::BigFloat
##############################################################################
# global constants, flags and accessory
$accuracy = $precision = undef;
$round_mode = 'even';
$div_scale = 40;
$upgrade = undef;
$downgrade = undef;
# these are internally, and not to be used from the outside
use constant MB_NEVER_ROUND => 0x0001;
$_trap_nan = 0; # are NaNs ok? set w/ config()
$_trap_inf = 0; # are infs ok? set w/ config()
my $nan = 'NaN';
my $class = 'Math::BigRat';
my $MBI = 'Math::BigInt';
sub isa
{
return 0 if $_[1] =~ /^Math::Big(Int|Float)/; # we aren't
UNIVERSAL::isa(@_);
}
sub _new_from_float
{
# turn a single float input into a rational (like '0.1')
my ($self,$f) = @_;
return $self->bnan() if $f->is_nan();
return $self->binf('-inf') if $f->{sign} eq '-inf';
return $self->binf('+inf') if $f->{sign} eq '+inf';
$self->{_n} = $f->{_m}->copy(); # mantissa
$self->{_d} = $MBI->bone();
$self->{sign} = $f->{sign} || '+'; $self->{_n}->{sign} = '+';
if ($f->{_e}->{sign} eq '-')
{
# something like Math::BigRat->new('0.1');
$self->{_d}->blsft($f->{_e}->copy()->babs(),10); # 1 / 1 => 1/10
}
else
{
# something like Math::BigRat->new('10');
# 1 / 1 => 10/1
$self->{_n}->blsft($f->{_e},10) unless $f->{_e}->is_zero();
}
$self;
}
sub new
{
# create a Math::BigRat
my $class = shift;
my ($n,$d) = shift;
my $self = { }; bless $self,$class;
# input like (BigInt,BigInt) or (BigFloat,BigFloat) not handled yet
if ((!defined $d) && (ref $n) && (!$n->isa('Math::BigRat')))
{
if ($n->isa('Math::BigFloat'))
{
return $self->_new_from_float($n)->bnorm();
}
if ($n->isa('Math::BigInt'))
{
# TODO: trap NaN, inf
$self->{_n} = $n->copy(); # "mantissa" = $n
$self->{_d} = $MBI->bone();
$self->{sign} = $self->{_n}->{sign}; $self->{_n}->{sign} = '+';
return $self->bnorm();
}
if ($n->isa('Math::BigInt::Lite'))
{
# TODO: trap NaN, inf
$self->{sign} = '+'; $self->{sign} = '-' if $$n < 0;
$self->{_n} = $MBI->new(abs($$n),undef,undef); # "mantissa" = $n
$self->{_d} = $MBI->bone();
return $self->bnorm();
}
}
return $n->copy() if ref $n;
if (!defined $n)
{
$self->{_n} = $MBI->bzero(); # undef => 0
$self->{_d} = $MBI->bone();
$self->{sign} = '+';
return $self->bnorm();
}
# string input with / delimiter
if ($n =~ /\s*\/\s*/)
{
return $class->bnan() if $n =~ /\/.*\//; # 1/2/3 isn't valid
return $class->bnan() if $n =~ /\/\s*$/; # 1/ isn't valid
($n,$d) = split (/\//,$n);
# try as BigFloats first
if (($n =~ /[\.eE]/) || ($d =~ /[\.eE]/))
{
# one of them looks like a float
# Math::BigFloat($n,undef,undef) does not what it is supposed to do, so:
local $Math::BigFloat::accuracy = undef;
local $Math::BigFloat::precision = undef;
local $Math::BigInt::accuracy = undef;
local $Math::BigInt::precision = undef;
my $nf = Math::BigFloat->new($n);
$self->{sign} = '+';
return $self->bnan() if $nf->is_nan();
$self->{_n} = $nf->{_m};
# now correct $self->{_n} due to $n
my $f = Math::BigFloat->new($d,undef,undef);
$self->{_d} = $f->{_m};
return $self->bnan() if $f->is_nan();
#print "n=$nf e$nf->{_e} d=$f e$f->{_e}\n";
# calculate the difference between nE and dE
my $diff_e = $nf->{_e}->copy()->bsub ( $f->{_e} );
if ($diff_e->is_negative())
{
# < 0: mul d with it
$self->{_d}->blsft($diff_e->babs(),10);
}
elsif (!$diff_e->is_zero())
{
# > 0: mul n with it
$self->{_n}->blsft($diff_e,10);
}
}
else
{
# both d and n are (big)ints
$self->{_n} = $MBI->new($n,undef,undef);
$self->{_d} = $MBI->new($d,undef,undef);
$self->{sign} = '+';
return $self->bnan() if $self->{_n}->{sign} eq $nan ||
$self->{_d}->{sign} eq $nan;
# handle inf and NAN cases:
if ($self->{_n}->is_inf() || $self->{_d}->is_inf())
{
# inf/inf => NaN
return $self->bnan() if
($self->{_n}->is_inf() && $self->{_d}->is_inf());
# +-inf/123 => +-inf
return $self->binf($self->{sign}) if $self->{_n}->is_inf();
# 123/inf => 0
return $self->bzero();
}
$self->{sign} = $self->{_n}->{sign}; $self->{_n}->babs();
# if $d is negative, flip sign
$self->{sign} =~ tr/+-/-+/ if $self->{_d}->{sign} eq '-';
$self->{_d}->babs(); # normalize
}
return $self->bnorm();
}
# simple string input
if (($n =~ /[\.eE]/))
{
# looks like a float, quacks like a float, so probably is a float
# Math::BigFloat($n,undef,undef) does not what it is supposed to do, so:
local $Math::BigFloat::accuracy = undef;
local $Math::BigFloat::precision = undef;
local $Math::BigInt::accuracy = undef;
local $Math::BigInt::precision = undef;
$self->{sign} = 'NaN';
$self->_new_from_float(Math::BigFloat->new($n,undef,undef));
}
else
{
$self->{_n} = $MBI->new($n,undef,undef);
$self->{_d} = $MBI->bone();
$self->{sign} = $self->{_n}->{sign}; $self->{_n}->babs();
return $self->bnan() if $self->{sign} eq 'NaN';
return $self->binf($self->{sign}) if $self->{sign} =~ /^[+-]inf$/;
}
$self->bnorm();
}
##############################################################################
sub config
{
# return (later set?) configuration data as hash ref
my $class = shift || 'Math::BigFloat';
my $cfg = $class->SUPER::config(@_);
# now we need only to override the ones that are different from our parent
$cfg->{class} = $class;
$cfg->{with} = $MBI;
$cfg;
}
##############################################################################
sub bstr
{
my ($self,$x) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]),$_[0]) : objectify(1,@_);
if ($x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/) # inf, NaN etc
{
my $s = $x->{sign}; $s =~ s/^\+//; # +inf => inf
return $s;
}
my $s = ''; $s = $x->{sign} if $x->{sign} ne '+'; # +3 vs 3
return $s.$x->{_n}->bstr() if $x->{_d}->is_one();
return $s.$x->{_n}->bstr() . '/' . $x->{_d}->bstr();
}
sub bsstr
{
my ($self,$x) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]),$_[0]) : objectify(1,@_);
if ($x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/) # inf, NaN etc
{
my $s = $x->{sign}; $s =~ s/^\+//; # +inf => inf
return $s;
}
my $s = ''; $s = $x->{sign} if $x->{sign} ne '+'; # +3 vs 3
return $s . $x->{_n}->bstr() . '/' . $x->{_d}->bstr();
}
sub bnorm
{
# reduce the number to the shortest form and remember this (so that we
# don't reduce again)
my ($self,$x) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]),$_[0]) : objectify(1,@_);
# both parts must be BigInt's (or whatever we are using today)
if (ref($x->{_n}) ne $MBI)
{
require Carp; Carp::croak ("n is not $MBI but (".ref($x->{_n}).')');
}
if (ref($x->{_d}) ne $MBI)
{
require Carp; Carp::croak ("d is not $MBI but (".ref($x->{_d}).')');
}
# this is to prevent automatically rounding when MBI's globals are set
$x->{_d}->{_f} = MB_NEVER_ROUND;
$x->{_n}->{_f} = MB_NEVER_ROUND;
# 'forget' that parts were rounded via MBI::bround() in MBF's bfround()
$x->{_d}->{_a} = undef; $x->{_n}->{_a} = undef;
$x->{_d}->{_p} = undef; $x->{_n}->{_p} = undef;
# no normalize for NaN, inf etc.
return $x if $x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/;
# normalize zeros to 0/1
if (($x->{sign} =~ /^[+-]$/) &&
($x->{_n}->is_zero()))
{
$x->{sign} = '+'; # never -0
$x->{_d} = $MBI->bone() unless $x->{_d}->is_one();
return $x;
}
return $x if $x->{_d}->is_one(); # no need to reduce
# reduce other numbers
# disable upgrade in BigInt, otherwise deep recursion
local $Math::BigInt::upgrade = undef;
local $Math::BigInt::accuracy = undef;
local $Math::BigInt::precision = undef;
my $gcd = $x->{_n}->bgcd($x->{_d});
if (!$gcd->is_one())
{
$x->{_n}->bdiv($gcd);
$x->{_d}->bdiv($gcd);
}
$x;
}
##############################################################################
# special values
sub _bnan
{
# used by parent class bnan() to initialize number to NaN
my $self = shift;
if ($_trap_nan)
{
require Carp;
my $class = ref($self);
Carp::croak ("Tried to set $self to NaN in $class\::_bnan()");
}
$self->{_n} = $MBI->bzero();
$self->{_d} = $MBI->bzero();
}
sub _binf
{
# used by parent class bone() to initialize number to +inf/-inf
my $self = shift;
if ($_trap_inf)
{
require Carp;
my $class = ref($self);
Carp::croak ("Tried to set $self to inf in $class\::_binf()");
}
$self->{_n} = $MBI->bzero();
$self->{_d} = $MBI->bzero();
}
sub _bone
{
# used by parent class bone() to initialize number to +1/-1
my $self = shift;
$self->{_n} = $MBI->bone();
$self->{_d} = $MBI->bone();
}
sub _bzero
{
# used by parent class bzero() to initialize number to 0
my $self = shift;
$self->{_n} = $MBI->bzero();
$self->{_d} = $MBI->bone();
}
##############################################################################
# mul/add/div etc
sub badd
{
# add two rationals
# set up parameters
my ($self,$x,$y,@r) = (ref($_[0]),@_);
# objectify is costly, so avoid it
if ((!ref($_[0])) || (ref($_[0]) ne ref($_[1])))
{
($self,$x,$y,@r) = objectify(2,@_);
}
$x = $self->new($x) unless $x->isa($self);
$y = $self->new($y) unless $y->isa($self);
return $x->bnan() if ($x->{sign} eq 'NaN' || $y->{sign} eq 'NaN');
# TODO: inf handling
# 1 1 gcd(3,4) = 1 1*3 + 1*4 7
# - + - = --------- = --
# 4 3 4*3 12
# we do not compute the gcd() here, but simple do:
# 5 7 5*3 + 7*4 41
# - + - = --------- = --
# 4 3 4*3 12
# the gcd() calculation and reducing is then done in bnorm()
local $Math::BigInt::accuracy = undef;
local $Math::BigInt::precision = undef;
$x->{_n}->bmul($y->{_d}); $x->{_n}->{sign} = $x->{sign};
my $m = $y->{_n}->copy()->bmul($x->{_d});
$m->{sign} = $y->{sign}; # 2/1 - 2/1
$x->{_n}->badd($m);
$x->{_d}->bmul($y->{_d});
# calculate new sign
$x->{sign} = $x->{_n}->{sign}; $x->{_n}->{sign} = '+';
$x->bnorm()->round(@r);
}
sub bsub
{
# subtract two rationals
# set up parameters
my ($self,$x,$y,@r) = (ref($_[0]),@_);
# objectify is costly, so avoid it
if ((!ref($_[0])) || (ref($_[0]) ne ref($_[1])))
{
($self,$x,$y,@r) = objectify(2,@_);
}
# TODO: $self instead or $class??
$x = $class->new($x) unless $x->isa($class);
$y = $class->new($y) unless $y->isa($class);
return $x->bnan() if ($x->{sign} eq 'NaN' || $y->{sign} eq 'NaN');
# TODO: inf handling
# 1 1 gcd(3,4) = 1 1*3 - 1*4 7
# - - - = --------- = --
# 4 3 4*3 12
# we do not compute the gcd() here, but simple do:
# 5 7 5*3 - 7*4 13
# - - - = --------- = - --
# 4 3 4*3 12
local $Math::BigInt::accuracy = undef;
local $Math::BigInt::precision = undef;
$x->{_n}->bmul($y->{_d}); $x->{_n}->{sign} = $x->{sign};
my $m = $y->{_n}->copy()->bmul($x->{_d});
$m->{sign} = $y->{sign}; # 2/1 - 2/1
$x->{_n}->bsub($m);
$x->{_d}->bmul($y->{_d});
# calculate new sign
$x->{sign} = $x->{_n}->{sign}; $x->{_n}->{sign} = '+';
$x->bnorm()->round(@r);
}
sub bmul
{
# multiply two rationals
# set up parameters
my ($self,$x,$y,@r) = (ref($_[0]),@_);
# objectify is costly, so avoid it
if ((!ref($_[0])) || (ref($_[0]) ne ref($_[1])))
{
($self,$x,$y,@r) = objectify(2,@_);
}
# TODO: $self instead or $class??
$x = $class->new($x) unless $x->isa($class);
$y = $class->new($y) unless $y->isa($class);
return $x->bnan() if ($x->{sign} eq 'NaN' || $y->{sign} eq 'NaN');
# inf handling
if (($x->{sign} =~ /^[+-]inf$/) || ($y->{sign} =~ /^[+-]inf$/))
{
return $x->bnan() if $x->is_zero() || $y->is_zero();
# result will always be +-inf:
# +inf * +/+inf => +inf, -inf * -/-inf => +inf
# +inf * -/-inf => -inf, -inf * +/+inf => -inf
return $x->binf() if ($x->{sign} =~ /^\+/ && $y->{sign} =~ /^\+/);
return $x->binf() if ($x->{sign} =~ /^-/ && $y->{sign} =~ /^-/);
return $x->binf('-');
}
# x== 0 # also: or y == 1 or y == -1
return wantarray ? ($x,$self->bzero()) : $x if $x->is_zero();
# According to Knuth, this can be optimized by doingtwice gcd (for d and n)
# and reducing in one step)
# 1 1 2 1
# - * - = - = -
# 4 3 12 6
local $Math::BigInt::accuracy = undef;
local $Math::BigInt::precision = undef;
$x->{_n}->bmul($y->{_n});
$x->{_d}->bmul($y->{_d});
# compute new sign
$x->{sign} = $x->{sign} eq $y->{sign} ? '+' : '-';
$x->bnorm()->round(@r);
}
sub bdiv
{
# (dividend: BRAT or num_str, divisor: BRAT or num_str) return
# (BRAT,BRAT) (quo,rem) or BRAT (only rem)
# set up parameters
my ($self,$x,$y,@r) = (ref($_[0]),@_);
# objectify is costly, so avoid it
if ((!ref($_[0])) || (ref($_[0]) ne ref($_[1])))
{
($self,$x,$y,@r) = objectify(2,@_);
}
# TODO: $self instead or $class??
$x = $class->new($x) unless $x->isa($class);
$y = $class->new($y) unless $y->isa($class);
return $self->_div_inf($x,$y)
if (($x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/) || ($y->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/) || $y->is_zero());
# x== 0 # also: or y == 1 or y == -1
return wantarray ? ($x,$self->bzero()) : $x if $x->is_zero();
# TODO: list context, upgrade
# 1 1 1 3
# - / - == - * -
# 4 3 4 1
# local $Math::BigInt::accuracy = undef;
# local $Math::BigInt::precision = undef;
$x->{_n}->bmul($y->{_d});
$x->{_d}->bmul($y->{_n});
# compute new sign
$x->{sign} = $x->{sign} eq $y->{sign} ? '+' : '-';
$x->bnorm()->round(@r);
$x;
}
sub bmod
{
# compute "remainder" (in Perl way) of $x / $y
# set up parameters
my ($self,$x,$y,@r) = (ref($_[0]),@_);
# objectify is costly, so avoid it
if ((!ref($_[0])) || (ref($_[0]) ne ref($_[1])))
{
($self,$x,$y,@r) = objectify(2,@_);
}
# TODO: $self instead or $class??
$x = $class->new($x) unless $x->isa($class);
$y = $class->new($y) unless $y->isa($class);
return $self->_div_inf($x,$y)
if (($x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/) || ($y->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/) || $y->is_zero());
return $self->_div_inf($x,$y)
if (($x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/) || ($y->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/) || $y->is_zero());
return $x if $x->is_zero(); # 0 / 7 = 0, mod 0
# compute $x - $y * floor($x/$y), keeping the sign of $x
# locally disable these, since they would interfere
local $Math::BigInt::upgrade = undef;
local $Math::BigInt::accuracy = undef;
local $Math::BigInt::precision = undef;
my $u = $x->copy()->babs();
# first, do a "normal" division ($x/$y)
$u->{_d}->bmul($y->{_n});
$u->{_n}->bmul($y->{_d});
# compute floor
if (!$u->{_d}->is_one())
{
$u->{_n}->bdiv($u->{_d}); # 22/7 => 3/1 w/ truncate
# no need to set $u->{_d} to 1, since later we set it to $y->{_d}
#$x->{_n}->binc() if $x->{sign} eq '-'; # -22/7 => -4/1
}
# compute $y * $u
$u->{_d} = $y->{_d}; # 1 * $y->{_d}, see floor above
$u->{_n}->bmul($y->{_n});
my $xsign = $x->{sign}; $x->{sign} = '+'; # remember sign and make abs
# compute $x - $u
$x->bsub($u);
$x->{sign} = $xsign; # put sign back
$x->bnorm()->round(@r);
}
##############################################################################
# bdec/binc
sub bdec
{
# decrement value (subtract 1)
my ($self,$x,@r) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]),@_) : objectify(1,@_);
return $x if $x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/; # NaN, inf, -inf
if ($x->{sign} eq '-')
{
$x->{_n}->badd($x->{_d}); # -5/2 => -7/2
}
else
{
if ($x->{_n}->bacmp($x->{_d}) < 0)
{
# 1/3 -- => -2/3
$x->{_n} = $x->{_d} - $x->{_n};
$x->{sign} = '-';
}
else
{
$x->{_n}->bsub($x->{_d}); # 5/2 => 3/2
}
}
$x->bnorm()->round(@r);
}
sub binc
{
# increment value (add 1)
my ($self,$x,@r) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]),@_) : objectify(1,@_);
return $x if $x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/; # NaN, inf, -inf
if ($x->{sign} eq '-')
{
if ($x->{_n}->bacmp($x->{_d}) < 0)
{
# -1/3 ++ => 2/3 (overflow at 0)
$x->{_n} = $x->{_d} - $x->{_n};
$x->{sign} = '+';
}
else
{
$x->{_n}->bsub($x->{_d}); # -5/2 => -3/2
}
}
else
{
$x->{_n}->badd($x->{_d}); # 5/2 => 7/2
}
$x->bnorm()->round(@r);
}
##############################################################################
# is_foo methods (the rest is inherited)
sub is_int
{
# return true if arg (BRAT or num_str) is an integer
my ($self,$x) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]),$_[0]) : objectify(1,@_);
return 1 if ($x->{sign} =~ /^[+-]$/) && # NaN and +-inf aren't
$x->{_d}->is_one(); # x/y && y != 1 => no integer
0;
}
sub is_zero
{
# return true if arg (BRAT or num_str) is zero
my ($self,$x) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]),$_[0]) : objectify(1,@_);
return 1 if $x->{sign} eq '+' && $x->{_n}->is_zero();
0;
}
sub is_one
{
# return true if arg (BRAT or num_str) is +1 or -1 if signis given
my ($self,$x) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]),$_[0]) : objectify(1,@_);
my $sign = shift || ''; $sign = '+' if $sign ne '-';
return 1
if ($x->{sign} eq $sign && $x->{_n}->is_one() && $x->{_d}->is_one());
0;
}
sub is_odd
{
# return true if arg (BFLOAT or num_str) is odd or false if even
my ($self,$x) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]),$_[0]) : objectify(1,@_);
return 1 if ($x->{sign} =~ /^[+-]$/) && # NaN & +-inf aren't
($x->{_d}->is_one() && $x->{_n}->is_odd()); # x/2 is not, but 3/1
0;
}
sub is_even
{
# return true if arg (BINT or num_str) is even or false if odd
my ($self,$x) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]),$_[0]) : objectify(1,@_);
return 0 if $x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/; # NaN & +-inf aren't
return 1 if ($x->{_d}->is_one() # x/3 is never
&& $x->{_n}->is_even()); # but 4/1 is
0;
}
BEGIN
{
*objectify = \&Math::BigInt::objectify;
}
##############################################################################
# parts() and friends
sub numerator
{
my ($self,$x) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]),$_[0]) : objectify(1,@_);
return $MBI->new($x->{sign}) if ($x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/);
my $n = $x->{_n}->copy(); $n->{sign} = $x->{sign};
$n;
}
sub denominator
{
my ($self,$x) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]),$_[0]) : objectify(1,@_);
return $MBI->new($x->{sign}) if ($x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/);
$x->{_d}->copy();
}
sub parts
{
my ($self,$x) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]),$_[0]) : objectify(1,@_);
return ($self->bnan(),$self->bnan()) if $x->{sign} eq 'NaN';
return ($self->binf(),$self->binf()) if $x->{sign} eq '+inf';
return ($self->binf('-'),$self->binf()) if $x->{sign} eq '-inf';
my $n = $x->{_n}->copy();
$n->{sign} = $x->{sign};
return ($n,$x->{_d}->copy());
}
sub length
{
return 0;
}
sub digit
{
return 0;
}
##############################################################################
# special calc routines
sub bceil
{
my ($self,$x) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]),$_[0]) : objectify(1,@_);
return $x unless $x->{sign} =~ /^[+-]$/;
return $x if $x->{_d}->is_one(); # 22/1 => 22, 0/1 => 0
local $Math::BigInt::upgrade = undef;
local $Math::BigInt::accuracy = undef;
local $Math::BigInt::precision = undef;
$x->{_n}->bdiv($x->{_d}); # 22/7 => 3/1 w/ truncate
$x->{_d}->bone();
$x->{_n}->binc() if $x->{sign} eq '+'; # +22/7 => 4/1
$x->{sign} = '+' if $x->{_n}->is_zero(); # -0 => 0
$x;
}
sub bfloor
{
my ($self,$x) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]),$_[0]) : objectify(1,@_);
return $x unless $x->{sign} =~ /^[+-]$/;
return $x if $x->{_d}->is_one(); # 22/1 => 22, 0/1 => 0
local $Math::BigInt::upgrade = undef;
local $Math::BigInt::accuracy = undef;
local $Math::BigInt::precision = undef;
$x->{_n}->bdiv($x->{_d}); # 22/7 => 3/1 w/ truncate
$x->{_d}->bone();
$x->{_n}->binc() if $x->{sign} eq '-'; # -22/7 => -4/1
$x;
}
sub bfac
{
my ($self,$x,@r) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]),@_) : objectify(1,@_);
if (($x->{sign} eq '+') && ($x->{_d}->is_one()))
{
$x->{_n}->bfac();
return $x->round(@r);
}
$x->bnan();
}
sub bpow
{
# power ($x ** $y)
# set up parameters
my ($self,$x,$y,@r) = (ref($_[0]),@_);
# objectify is costly, so avoid it
if ((!ref($_[0])) || (ref($_[0]) ne ref($_[1])))
{
($self,$x,$y,@r) = objectify(2,@_);
}
return $x if $x->{sign} =~ /^[+-]inf$/; # -inf/+inf ** x
return $x->bnan() if $x->{sign} eq $nan || $y->{sign} eq $nan;
return $x->bone(@r) if $y->is_zero();
return $x->round(@r) if $x->is_one() || $y->is_one();
if ($x->{sign} eq '-' && $x->{_n}->is_one() && $x->{_d}->is_one())
{
# if $x == -1 and odd/even y => +1/-1
return $y->is_odd() ? $x->round(@r) : $x->babs()->round(@r);
# my Casio FX-5500L has a bug here: -1 ** 2 is -1, but -1 * -1 is 1;
}
# 1 ** -y => 1 / (1 ** |y|)
# so do test for negative $y after above's clause
# return $x->bnan() if $y->{sign} eq '-';
return $x->round(@r) if $x->is_zero(); # 0**y => 0 (if not y <= 0)
# shortcut y/1 (and/or x/1)
if ($y->{_d}->is_one())
{
# shortcut for x/1 and y/1
if ($x->{_d}->is_one())
{
$x->{_n}->bpow($y->{_n}); # x/1 ** y/1 => (x ** y)/1
if ($y->{sign} eq '-')
{
# 0.2 ** -3 => 1/(0.2 ** 3)
($x->{_n},$x->{_d}) = ($x->{_d},$x->{_n}); # swap
}
# correct sign; + ** + => +
if ($x->{sign} eq '-')
{
# - * - => +, - * - * - => -
$x->{sign} = '+' if $y->{_n}->is_even();
}
return $x->round(@r);
}
# x/z ** y/1
$x->{_n}->bpow($y->{_n}); # 5/2 ** y/1 => 5 ** y / 2 ** y
$x->{_d}->bpow($y->{_n});
if ($y->{sign} eq '-')
{
# 0.2 ** -3 => 1/(0.2 ** 3)
($x->{_n},$x->{_d}) = ($x->{_d},$x->{_n}); # swap
}
# correct sign; + ** + => +
if ($x->{sign} eq '-')
{
# - * - => +, - * - * - => -
$x->{sign} = '+' if $y->{_n}->is_even();
}
return $x->round(@r);
}
# regular calculation (this is wrong for d/e ** f/g)
my $pow2 = $self->__one();
my $y1 = $MBI->new($y->{_n}/$y->{_d})->babs();
my $two = $MBI->new(2);
while (!$y1->is_one())
{
$pow2->bmul($x) if $y1->is_odd();
$y1->bdiv($two);
$x->bmul($x);
}
$x->bmul($pow2) unless $pow2->is_one();
# n ** -x => 1/n ** x
($x->{_d},$x->{_n}) = ($x->{_n},$x->{_d}) if $y->{sign} eq '-';
$x->bnorm()->round(@r);
}
sub blog
{
return Math::BigRat->bnan();
}
sub bsqrt
{
my ($self,$x,@r) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]),@_) : objectify(1,@_);
return $x->bnan() if $x->{sign} !~ /^[+]/; # NaN, -inf or < 0
return $x if $x->{sign} eq '+inf'; # sqrt(inf) == inf
return $x->round(@r) if $x->is_zero() || $x->is_one();
local $Math::BigFloat::upgrade = undef;
local $Math::BigFloat::downgrade = undef;
local $Math::BigFloat::precision = undef;
local $Math::BigFloat::accuracy = undef;
local $Math::BigInt::upgrade = undef;
local $Math::BigInt::precision = undef;
local $Math::BigInt::accuracy = undef;
$x->{_d} = Math::BigFloat->new($x->{_d})->bsqrt();
$x->{_n} = Math::BigFloat->new($x->{_n})->bsqrt();
# if sqrt(D) was not integer
if ($x->{_d}->{_e}->{sign} ne '+')
{
$x->{_n}->blsft($x->{_d}->{_e}->babs(),10); # 7.1/4.51 => 7.1/45.1
$x->{_d} = $x->{_d}->{_m}; # 7.1/45.1 => 71/45.1
}
# if sqrt(N) was not integer
if ($x->{_n}->{_e}->{sign} ne '+')
{
$x->{_d}->blsft($x->{_n}->{_e}->babs(),10); # 71/45.1 => 710/45.1
$x->{_n} = $x->{_n}->{_m}; # 710/45.1 => 710/451
}
# convert parts to $MBI again
$x->{_n} = $x->{_n}->as_number();
$x->{_d} = $x->{_d}->as_number();
$x->bnorm()->round(@r);
}
sub blsft
{
my ($self,$x,$y,$b,$a,$p,$r) = objectify(3,@_);
$x->bmul( $b->copy()->bpow($y), $a,$p,$r);
$x;
}
sub brsft
{
my ($self,$x,$y,$b,$a,$p,$r) = objectify(2,@_);
$x->bdiv( $b->copy()->bpow($y), $a,$p,$r);
$x;
}
##############################################################################
# round
sub round
{
$_[0];
}
sub bround
{
$_[0];
}
sub bfround
{
$_[0];
}
##############################################################################
# comparing
sub bcmp
{
my ($self,$x,$y) = objectify(2,@_);
if (($x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/) || ($y->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/))
{
# handle +-inf and NaN
return undef if (($x->{sign} eq $nan) || ($y->{sign} eq $nan));
return 0 if $x->{sign} eq $y->{sign} && $x->{sign} =~ /^[+-]inf$/;
return +1 if $x->{sign} eq '+inf';
return -1 if $x->{sign} eq '-inf';
return -1 if $y->{sign} eq '+inf';
return +1;
}
# check sign for speed first
return 1 if $x->{sign} eq '+' && $y->{sign} eq '-'; # does also 0 <=> -y
return -1 if $x->{sign} eq '-' && $y->{sign} eq '+'; # does also -x <=> 0
# shortcut
my $xz = $x->{_n}->is_zero();
my $yz = $y->{_n}->is_zero();
return 0 if $xz && $yz; # 0 <=> 0
return -1 if $xz && $y->{sign} eq '+'; # 0 <=> +y
return 1 if $yz && $x->{sign} eq '+'; # +x <=> 0
my $t = $x->{_n} * $y->{_d}; $t->{sign} = $x->{sign};
my $u = $y->{_n} * $x->{_d}; $u->{sign} = $y->{sign};
$t->bcmp($u);
}
sub bacmp
{
my ($self,$x,$y) = objectify(2,@_);
if (($x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/) || ($y->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/))
{
# handle +-inf and NaN
return undef if (($x->{sign} eq $nan) || ($y->{sign} eq $nan));
return 0 if $x->{sign} =~ /^[+-]inf$/ && $y->{sign} =~ /^[+-]inf$/;
return +1; # inf is always bigger
}
my $t = $x->{_n} * $y->{_d};
my $u = $y->{_n} * $x->{_d};
$t->bacmp($u);
}
##############################################################################
# output conversation
sub numify
{
# convert 17/8 => float (aka 2.125)
my ($self,$x) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]),$_[0]) : objectify(1,@_);
return $x->bstr() if $x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/; # inf, NaN, etc
# N/1 => N
return $x->{_n}->numify() if $x->{_d}->is_one();
# N/D
my $neg = 1; $neg = -1 if $x->{sign} ne '+';
$neg * $x->{_n}->numify() / $x->{_d}->numify(); # return sign * N/D
}
sub as_number
{
my ($self,$x) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]),$_[0]) : objectify(1,@_);
return $x if $x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/; # NaN, inf etc
# need to disable these, otherwise bdiv() gives BigRat again
local $Math::BigInt::upgrade = undef;
local $Math::BigInt::accuracy = undef;
local $Math::BigInt::precision = undef;
my $t = $x->{_n}->copy()->bdiv($x->{_d}); # 22/7 => 3
$t->{sign} = $x->{sign};
$t;
}
sub import
{
my $self = shift;
my $l = scalar @_;
my $lib = ''; my @a;
for ( my $i = 0; $i < $l ; $i++)
{
# print "at $_[$i] (",$_[$i+1]||'undef',")\n";
if ( $_[$i] eq ':constant' )
{
# this rest causes overlord er load to step in
# print "overload @_\n";
overload::constant float => sub { $self->new(shift); };
}
# elsif ($_[$i] eq 'upgrade')
# {
# # this causes upgrading
# $upgrade = $_[$i+1]; # or undef to disable
# $i++;
# }
elsif ($_[$i] eq 'downgrade')
{
# this causes downgrading
$downgrade = $_[$i+1]; # or undef to disable
$i++;
}
elsif ($_[$i] eq 'lib')
{
$lib = $_[$i+1] || ''; # default Calc
$i++;
}
elsif ($_[$i] eq 'with')
{
$MBI = $_[$i+1] || 'Math::BigInt'; # default Math::BigInt
$i++;
}
else
{
push @a, $_[$i];
}
}
# let use Math::BigInt lib => 'GMP'; use Math::BigFloat; still work
my $mbilib = eval { Math::BigInt->config()->{lib} };
if ((defined $mbilib) && ($MBI eq 'Math::BigInt'))
{
# MBI already loaded
$MBI->import('lib',"$lib,$mbilib", 'objectify');
}
else
{
# MBI not loaded, or not with "Math::BigInt"
$lib .= ",$mbilib" if defined $mbilib;
if ($] < 5.006)
{
# Perl < 5.6.0 dies with "out of memory!" when eval() and ':constant' is
# used in the same script, or eval inside import().
my @parts = split /::/, $MBI; # Math::BigInt => Math BigInt
my $file = pop @parts; $file .= '.pm'; # BigInt => BigInt.pm
$file = File::Spec->catfile (@parts, $file);
eval { require $file; $MBI->import( lib => '$lib', 'objectify' ); }
}
else
{
my $rc = "use $MBI lib => '$lib', 'objectify';";
eval $rc;
}
}
if ($@)
{
require Carp; Carp::croak ("Couldn't load $MBI: $! $@");
}
# any non :constant stuff is handled by our parent, Exporter
# even if @_ is empty, to give it a chance
$self->SUPER::import(@a); # for subclasses
$self->export_to_level(1,$self,@a); # need this, too
}
1;
__END__
=head1 NAME
Math::BigRat - arbitrarily big rationals
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use Math::BigRat;
$x = Math::BigRat->new('3/7'); $x += '5/9';
print $x->bstr(),"\n";
print $x ** 2,"\n";
=head1 DESCRIPTION
Math::BigRat complements Math::BigInt and Math::BigFloat by providing support
for arbitrarily big rationals.
=head2 MATH LIBRARY
Math with the numbers is done (by default) by a module called
Math::BigInt::Calc. This is equivalent to saying:
use Math::BigRat lib => 'Calc';
You can change this by using:
use Math::BigRat lib => 'BitVect';
The following would first try to find Math::BigInt::Foo, then
Math::BigInt::Bar, and when this also fails, revert to Math::BigInt::Calc:
use Math::BigRat lib => 'Foo,Math::BigInt::Bar';
Calc.pm uses as internal format an array of elements of some decimal base
(usually 1e7, but this might be different for some systems) with the least
significant digit first, while BitVect.pm uses a bit vector of base 2, most
significant bit first. Other modules might use even different means of
representing the numbers. See the respective module documentation for further
details.
Currently the following replacement libraries exist, search for them at CPAN:
Math::BigInt::BitVect
Math::BigInt::GMP
Math::BigInt::Pari
Math::BigInt::FastCalc
=head1 METHODS
Any methods not listed here are dervied from Math::BigFloat (or
Math::BigInt), so make sure you check these two modules for further
information.
=head2 new()
$x = Math::BigRat->new('1/3');
Create a new Math::BigRat object. Input can come in various forms:
$x = Math::BigRat->new(123); # scalars
$x = Math::BigRat->new('123.3'); # float
$x = Math::BigRat->new('1/3'); # simple string
$x = Math::BigRat->new('1 / 3'); # spaced
$x = Math::BigRat->new('1 / 0.1'); # w/ floats
$x = Math::BigRat->new(Math::BigInt->new(3)); # BigInt
$x = Math::BigRat->new(Math::BigFloat->new('3.1')); # BigFloat
$x = Math::BigRat->new(Math::BigInt::Lite->new('2')); # BigLite
=head2 numerator()
$n = $x->numerator();
Returns a copy of the numerator (the part above the line) as signed BigInt.
=head2 denominator()
$d = $x->denominator();
Returns a copy of the denominator (the part under the line) as positive BigInt.
=head2 parts()
($n,$d) = $x->parts();
Return a list consisting of (signed) numerator and (unsigned) denominator as
BigInts.
=head2 as_number()
$x = Math::BigRat->new('13/7');
print $x->as_number(),"\n"; # '1'
Returns a copy of the object as BigInt trunced it to integer.
=head2 bfac()
$x->bfac();
Calculates the factorial of $x. For instance:
print Math::BigRat->new('3/1')->bfac(),"\n"; # 1*2*3
print Math::BigRat->new('5/1')->bfac(),"\n"; # 1*2*3*4*5
Works currently only for integers.
=head2 blog()
Is not yet implemented.
=head2 bround()/round()/bfround()
Are not yet implemented.
=head2 bmod()
use Math::BigRat;
my $x = Math::BigRat->new('7/4');
my $y = Math::BigRat->new('4/3');
print $x->bmod($y);
Set $x to the remainder of the division of $x by $y.
=head2 is_one()
print "$x is 1\n" if $x->is_one();
Return true if $x is exactly one, otherwise false.
=head2 is_zero()
print "$x is 0\n" if $x->is_zero();
Return true if $x is exactly zero, otherwise false.
=head2 is_positive()
print "$x is >= 0\n" if $x->is_positive();
Return true if $x is positive (greater than or equal to zero), otherwise
false. Please note that '+inf' is also positive, while 'NaN' and '-inf' aren't.
=head2 is_negative()
print "$x is < 0\n" if $x->is_negative();
Return true if $x is negative (smaller than zero), otherwise false. Please
note that '-inf' is also negative, while 'NaN' and '+inf' aren't.
=head2 is_int()
print "$x is an integer\n" if $x->is_int();
Return true if $x has a denominator of 1 (e.g. no fraction parts), otherwise
false. Please note that '-inf', 'inf' and 'NaN' aren't integer.
=head2 is_odd()
print "$x is odd\n" if $x->is_odd();
Return true if $x is odd, otherwise false.
=head2 is_even()
print "$x is even\n" if $x->is_even();
Return true if $x is even, otherwise false.
=head2 bceil()
$x->bceil();
Set $x to the next bigger integer value (e.g. truncate the number to integer
and then increment it by one).
=head2 bfloor()
$x->bfloor();
Truncate $x to an integer value.
=head2 config
use Data::Dumper;
print Dumper ( Math::BigRat->config() );
print Math::BigRat->config()->{lib},"\n";
Returns a hash containing the configuration, e.g. the version number, lib
loaded etc. The following hash keys are currently filled in with the
appropriate information.
key RO/RW Description
Example
============================================================
lib RO Name of the Math library
Math::BigInt::Calc
lib_version RO Version of 'lib'
0.30
class RO The class of config you just called
Math::BigRat
version RO version number of the class you used
0.10
upgrade RW To which class numbers are upgraded
undef
downgrade RW To which class numbers are downgraded
undef
precision RW Global precision
undef
accuracy RW Global accuracy
undef
round_mode RW Global round mode
even
div_scale RW Fallback acccuracy for div
40
trap_nan RW Trap creation of NaN (undef = no)
undef
trap_inf RW Trap creation of +inf/-inf (undef = no)
undef
By passing a reference to a hash you may set the configuration values. This
works only for values that a marked with a C<RW> above, anything else is
read-only.
=head1 BUGS
Some things are not yet implemented, or only implemented half-way:
=over 2
=item inf handling (partial)
=item NaN handling (partial)
=item rounding (not implemented except for bceil/bfloor)
=item $x ** $y where $y is not an integer
=back
=head1 LICENSE
This program is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under
the same terms as Perl itself.
=head1 SEE ALSO
L<Math::BigFloat> and L<Math::Big> as well as L<Math::BigInt::BitVect>,
L<Math::BigInt::Pari> and L<Math::BigInt::GMP>.
See L<http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=bignum> for a way to use
Math::BigRat.
The package at L<http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=Math%3A%3ABigRat>
may contain more documentation and examples as well as testcases.
=head1 AUTHORS
(C) by Tels L<http://bloodgate.com/> 2001-2002.
=cut