# Copyright 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Kevin Ryde
# This file is part of Math-PlanePath.
#
# Math-PlanePath is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
# Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) any later
# version.
#
# Math-PlanePath is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
# or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
# for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with Math-PlanePath. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
# Maybe:
# including_zero=>1 to have 0/1 for A038567
package Math::PlanePath::DiagonalRationals;
use 5.004;
use strict;
use Carp 'croak';
#use List::Util 'max';
*max = \&Math::PlanePath::_max;
use vars '$VERSION', '@ISA';
$VERSION = 125;
use Math::PlanePath;
@ISA = ('Math::PlanePath');
*_rect_for_first_quadrant = \&Math::PlanePath::_rect_for_first_quadrant;
use Math::PlanePath::Base::Generic
'is_infinite',
'round_nearest';
use Math::PlanePath::CoprimeColumns;
*_extend = \&Math::PlanePath::CoprimeColumns::_extend;
*_coprime = \&Math::PlanePath::CoprimeColumns::_coprime;
use vars '@_x_to_n';
*_x_to_n = \@Math::PlanePath::CoprimeColumns::_x_to_n;
# uncomment this to run the ### lines
# use Smart::Comments;
use constant parameter_info_array =>
[ { name => 'direction',
share_key => 'direction_downup',
display => 'Direction',
type => 'enum',
default => 'down',
choices => ['down','up'],
choices_display => ['Down','Up'],
description => 'Number points downwards or upwards along the diagonals.',
},
Math::PlanePath::Base::Generic::parameter_info_nstart1(),
];
use constant default_n_start => 1;
use constant class_x_negative => 0;
use constant class_y_negative => 0;
use constant n_frac_discontinuity => .5;
use constant x_minimum => 1;
use constant y_minimum => 1;
use constant gcdxy_maximum => 1; # no common factor
sub absdx_minimum {
my ($self) = @_;
return ($self->{'direction'} eq 'down' ? 0 : 1);
}
sub absdy_minimum {
my ($self) = @_;
return ($self->{'direction'} eq 'down' ? 1 : 0);
}
use constant dsumxy_minimum => 0;
use constant dsumxy_maximum => 1; # to next diagonal stripe
sub dir_minimum_dxdy {
my ($self) = @_;
return ($self->{'direction'} eq 'down'
? (0,1) # North
: (1,0)); # East
}
sub dir_maximum_dxdy {
my ($self) = @_;
return ($self->{'direction'} eq 'down'
? (1,-1) # South-East
: (2,-1)); # ESE at N=3 down to X axis
}
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sub new {
my $self = shift->SUPER::new (@_);
if (! defined $self->{'n_start'}) {
$self->{'n_start'} = $self->default_n_start;
}
my $direction = ($self->{'direction'} ||= 'down');
if (! ($direction eq 'up' || $direction eq 'down')) {
croak "Unrecognised direction option: ", $direction;
}
return $self;
}
sub n_to_xy {
my ($self, $n) = @_;
### DiagonalRationals n_to_xy(): $n
if (2*($n - $self->{'n_start'}) < -1) {
### before n_start ...
return;
}
my ($x,$y) = $self->Math::PlanePath::CoprimeColumns::n_to_xy($n+1)
or return;
### CoprimeColumns returned: "x=$x y=$y"
$x -= $y;
### shear to: "x=$x y=$y"
return ($x,$y);
}
# Note: shared by FactorRationals
sub xy_is_visited {
my ($self, $x, $y) = @_;
$x = round_nearest ($x);
$y = round_nearest ($y);
if ($x < 1
|| $y < 1
|| ! _coprime($x,$y)) {
return 0;
}
return 1;
}
sub xy_to_n {
my ($self, $x, $y) = @_;
### DiagonalRationals xy_to_n(): "$x,$y"
my $n = Math::PlanePath::CoprimeColumns::xy_to_n($self,$x+$y,$y);
# not the N=0 at Xcol=1,Ycol=1 which is Xdiag=1,Ydiag=0
if (defined $n && $n > $self->{'n_start'}) {
return $n-1;
} else {
return undef;
}
}
# not exact
sub rect_to_n_range {
my ($self, $x1,$y1, $x2,$y2) = @_;
### DiagonalRationals rect_to_n_range(): "$x1,$y1 $x2,$y2"
$x1 = round_nearest($x1);
$y1 = round_nearest($y1);
$x2 = round_nearest($x2);
$y2 = round_nearest($y2);
($x1,$x2) = ($x2,$x1) if $x1 > $x2;
($y1,$y2) = ($y2,$y1) if $y1 > $y2;
if ($x2 < 1 || $y2 < 1) {
### outside quadrant ...
return (1, 0);
}
### rect: "$x1,$y1 $x2,$y2"
my $d2 = $x2 + $y2 + 1;
if (is_infinite($d2)) {
return (1, $d2);
}
while ($#_x_to_n < $d2) {
_extend();
}
my $d1 = max (2, $x1 + $y1);
### $d1
### $d2
return ($_x_to_n[$d1] - 1 + $self->{'n_start'},
$_x_to_n[$d2] + $self->{'n_start'});
}
1;
__END__
=for stopwords Ryde Math-PlanePath coprime coprimes coprimeness totient totients Euler's onwards OEIS
=head1 NAME
Math::PlanePath::DiagonalRationals -- rationals X/Y by diagonals
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use Math::PlanePath::DiagonalRationals;
my $path = Math::PlanePath::DiagonalRationals->new;
my ($x, $y) = $path->n_to_xy (123);
=head1 DESCRIPTION
This path enumerates positive rationals X/Y with no common factor, going in
diagonal order from Y down to X.
17 | 96...
16 | 80
15 | 72 81
14 | 64 82
13 | 58 65 73 83 97
12 | 46 84
11 | 42 47 59 66 74 85 98
10 | 32 48 86
9 | 28 33 49 60 75 87
8 | 22 34 50 67 88
7 | 18 23 29 35 43 51 68 76 89 99
6 | 12 36 52 90
5 | 10 13 19 24 37 44 53 61 77 91
4 | 6 14 25 38 54 69 92
3 | 4 7 15 20 30 39 55 62 78 93
2 | 2 8 16 26 40 56 70 94
1 | 1 3 5 9 11 17 21 27 31 41 45 57 63 71 79 95
Y=0 |
+---------------------------------------------------
X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
The order is the same as the C<Diagonals> path, but only those X,Y with no
common factor are numbered.
1/1, N = 1
1/2, 1/2, N = 2 .. 3
1/3, 1/3, N = 4 .. 5
1/4, 2/3, 3/2, 4/1, N = 6 .. 9
1/5, 5/1, N = 10 .. 11
N=1,2,4,6,10,etc at the start of each diagonal (in the column at X=1) is the
cumulative totient,
totient(i) = count numbers having no common factor with i
i=K
cumulative_totient(K) = sum totient(i)
i=1
=head2 Direction Up
Option C<direction =E<gt> 'up'> reverses the order within each diagonal to
count upward from the X axis.
=cut
# math-image --path=DiagonalRationals,direction=up --all --output=numbers --size=50x10
=pod
direction => "up"
8 | 27
7 | 21 26
6 | 17
5 | 11 16 20 25
4 | 9 15 24
3 | 5 8 14 19
2 | 3 7 13 23
1 | 1 2 4 6 10 12 18 22
Y=0|
+---------------------------
X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
=head2 N Start
The default is to number points starting N=1 as shown above. An optional
C<n_start> can give a different start with the same shape, For example
to start at 0,
=cut
# math-image --path=DiagonalRationals,n_start=0 --all --output=numbers --size=50x10
=pod
n_start => 0
8 | 21
7 | 17 22
6 | 11
5 | 9 12 18 23
4 | 5 13 24
3 | 3 6 14 19
2 | 1 7 15 25
1 | 0 2 4 8 10 16 20 26
Y=0|
+---------------------------
X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
=head2 Coprime Columns
The diagonals are the same as the columns in C<CoprimeColumns>. For example
the diagonal N=18 to N=21 from X=0,Y=8 down to X=8,Y=0 is the same as the
C<CoprimeColumns> vertical at X=8. In general the correspondence is
Xdiag = Ycol
Ydiag = Xcol - Ycol
Xcol = Xdiag + Ydiag
Ycol = Xdiag
C<CoprimeColumns> has an extra N=0 at X=1,Y=1 which is not present in
C<DiagonalRationals>. (It would be Xdiag=1,Ydiag=0 which is 1/0.)
The points numbered or skipped in a column up to X=Y is the same as the
points numbered or skipped on a diagonal, simply because X,Y no common
factor is the same as Y,X+Y no common factor.
Taking the C<CoprimeColumns> as enumerating fractions F = Ycol/Xcol with
S<0 E<lt> F E<lt> 1> the corresponding diagonal rational
S<0 E<lt> R E<lt> infinity> is
1 F
R = ------- = ---
1/F - 1 1-F
1 R
F = ------- = ---
1/R + 1 1+R
which is a one-to-one mapping between the fractions S<F E<lt> 1> and all
rationals.
=cut
# R = 1 / (1/F - 1)
# F = Ycol/Xcol
# R = 1 / (Xcol/Ycol - 1)
# = 1 / (Xcol-Ycol)/Ycol
# = Ycol / (Xcol-Ycol)
#
# R = 1 / (1/F - 1)
# = 1 / (1-F)/F
# = F/(1-F)
#
# 1/R = 1/F - 1
# 1/R + 1 = 1/F
# F = 1 / (1/R + 1)
# = 1 / (1+R)/R
# = R/(1+R)
#
# F = 1 / (1/R + 1)
# R = Xdiag/Ydiag
# F = 1 / (Ydiag/Xdiag + 1)
# = 1 / (Ydiag+Xdiag)/Xdiag
# = Xdiag/(Ydiag+Xdiag)
# = Ycol/Xcol
# Xcol = Ydiag+Xdiag
# Ycol = Xdiag
#
# R = 1 / (1/F - 1)
# = 1 / ((1+R)/R - 1)
# = 1 / ((1+R-R)/R)
# = 1 / (1/R)
# = R
=head1 FUNCTIONS
See L<Math::PlanePath/FUNCTIONS> for behaviour common to all path classes.
=over 4
=item C<$path = Math::PlanePath::DiagonalRationals-E<gt>new ()>
=item C<$path = Math::PlanePath::DiagonalRationals-E<gt>new (direction =E<gt> $str, n_start =E<gt> $n)>
Create and return a new path object. C<direction> (a string) can be
"down" (the default)
"up"
=item C<($x,$y) = $path-E<gt>n_to_xy ($n)>
Return the X,Y coordinates of point number C<$n> on the path. Points begin
at 1 and if C<$n E<lt> 1> then the return is an empty list.
=back
=head1 BUGS
The current implementation is fairly slack and is slow on medium to large N.
A table of cumulative totients is built and retained for the diagonal d=X+Y.
=head1 OEIS
This enumeration of rationals is in Sloane's Online Encyclopedia of Integer
Sequences in the following forms
=over
L<http://oeis.org/A020652> (etc)
=back
direction=down, n_start=1 (the defaults)
A020652 X, numerator
A020653 Y, denominator
A038567 X+Y sum, starting from X=1,Y=1
A054431 by diagonals 1=coprime, 0=not
(excluding X=0 row and Y=0 column)
A054430 permutation N at Y/X
reverse runs of totient(k) many integers
A054424 permutation DiagonalRationals -> RationalsTree SB
A054425 padded with 0s at non-coprimes
A054426 inverse SB -> DiagonalRationals
A060837 permutation DiagonalRationals -> FactorRationals
direction=down, n_start=0
A157806 abs(X-Y) difference
direction=up swaps X,Y.
=head1 SEE ALSO
L<Math::PlanePath>,
L<Math::PlanePath::CoprimeColumns>,
L<Math::PlanePath::RationalsTree>,
L<Math::PlanePath::PythagoreanTree>
=head1 HOME PAGE
L<http://user42.tuxfamily.org/math-planepath/index.html>
=head1 LICENSE
Copyright 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Kevin Ryde
Math-PlanePath is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) any later
version.
Math-PlanePath is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for
more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
Math-PlanePath. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
=cut