package Function::Parameters;
use v5.14.0;
use warnings;
use Carp qw(confess);
use XSLoader;
BEGIN {
our $VERSION = '1.0202';
XSLoader::load;
}
sub _assert_valid_identifier {
my ($name, $with_dollar) = @_;
my $bonus = $with_dollar ? '\$' : '';
$name =~ /^${bonus}[^\W\d]\w*\z/
or confess qq{"$name" doesn't look like a valid identifier};
}
sub _assert_valid_attributes {
my ($attrs) = @_;
$attrs =~ m{
^ \s*+
: \s*+
(?&ident) (?! [^\s:(] ) (?¶m)?+ \s*+
(?:
(?: : \s*+ )?
(?&ident) (?! [^\s:(] ) (?¶m)?+ \s*+
)*+
\z
(?(DEFINE)
(?<ident>
[^\W\d]
\w*+
)
(?<param>
\(
[^()\\]*+
(?:
(?:
\\ .
|
(?¶m)
)
[^()\\]*+
)*+
\)
)
)
}sx or confess qq{"$attrs" doesn't look like valid attributes};
}
sub _reify_type_default {
require Moose::Util::TypeConstraints;
Moose::Util::TypeConstraints::find_or_create_isa_type_constraint($_[0])
}
sub _delete_default {
my ($href, $key, $default) = @_;
exists $href->{$key} ? delete $href->{$key} : $default
}
my @bare_arms = qw(function method);
my %type_map = (
function => {
name => 'optional',
default_arguments => 1,
check_argument_count => 0,
named_parameters => 1,
types => 1,
reify_type => \&_reify_type_default,
},
method => {
name => 'optional',
default_arguments => 1,
check_argument_count => 0,
named_parameters => 1,
types => 1,
reify_type => \&_reify_type_default,
attrs => ':method',
shift => '$self',
invocant => 1,
},
classmethod => {
name => 'optional',
default_arguments => 1,
check_argument_count => 0,
named_parameters => 1,
types => 1,
reify_type => \&_reify_type_default,
attributes => ':method',
shift => '$class',
invocant => 1,
},
);
for my $k (keys %type_map) {
$type_map{$k . '_strict'} = {
%{$type_map{$k}},
check_argument_count => 1,
};
}
our @type_reifiers = \&_reify_type_default;
sub import {
my $class = shift;
if (!@_) {
@_ = {
fun => 'function',
method => 'method',
};
}
if (@_ == 1 && $_[0] eq ':strict') {
@_ = {
fun => 'function_strict',
method => 'method_strict',
};
}
if (@_ == 1 && ref($_[0]) eq 'HASH') {
@_ = map [$_, $_[0]{$_}], keys %{$_[0]};
}
my %spec;
my $bare = 0;
for my $proto (@_) {
my $item = ref $proto
? $proto
: [$proto, $bare_arms[$bare++] || confess(qq{Don't know what to do with "$proto"})]
;
my ($name, $proto_type) = @$item;
_assert_valid_identifier $name;
unless (ref $proto_type) {
# use '||' instead of 'or' to preserve $proto_type in the error message
$proto_type = $type_map{$proto_type}
|| confess qq["$proto_type" doesn't look like a valid type (one of ${\join ', ', sort keys %type_map})];
}
my %type = %$proto_type;
my %clean;
$clean{name} = delete $type{name} || 'optional';
$clean{name} =~ /^(?:optional|required|prohibited)\z/
or confess qq["$clean{name}" doesn't look like a valid name attribute (one of optional, required, prohibited)];
$clean{shift} = delete $type{shift} || '';
_assert_valid_identifier $clean{shift}, 1 if $clean{shift};
$clean{attrs} = join ' ', map delete $type{$_} || (), qw(attributes attrs);
_assert_valid_attributes $clean{attrs} if $clean{attrs};
$clean{default_arguments} = _delete_default \%type, 'default_arguments', 1;
$clean{named_parameters} = _delete_default \%type, 'named_parameters', 1;
$clean{types} = _delete_default \%type, 'types', 1;
$clean{check_argument_count} = _delete_default \%type, 'check_argument_count', 0;
$clean{invocant} = _delete_default \%type, 'invocant', 0;
if (my $rt = delete $type{reify_type}) {
ref $rt eq 'CODE' or confess qq{"$rt" doesn't look like a type reifier};
my $index;
for my $i (0 .. $#type_reifiers) {
if ($type_reifiers[$i] == $rt) {
$index = $i;
last;
}
}
unless (defined $index) {
$index = @type_reifiers;
push @type_reifiers, $rt;
}
$clean{reify_type} = $index;
}
%type and confess "Invalid keyword property: @{[keys %type]}";
$spec{$name} = \%clean;
}
for my $kw (keys %spec) {
my $type = $spec{$kw};
my $flags =
$type->{name} eq 'prohibited' ? FLAG_ANON_OK :
$type->{name} eq 'required' ? FLAG_NAME_OK :
FLAG_ANON_OK | FLAG_NAME_OK
;
$flags |= FLAG_DEFAULT_ARGS if $type->{default_arguments};
$flags |= FLAG_CHECK_NARGS | FLAG_CHECK_TARGS if $type->{check_argument_count};
$flags |= FLAG_INVOCANT if $type->{invocant};
$flags |= FLAG_NAMED_PARAMS if $type->{named_parameters};
$flags |= FLAG_TYPES_OK if $type->{types};
$^H{HINTK_FLAGS_ . $kw} = $flags;
$^H{HINTK_SHIFT_ . $kw} = $type->{shift};
$^H{HINTK_ATTRS_ . $kw} = $type->{attrs};
$^H{HINTK_REIFY_ . $kw} = $type->{reify_type} // 0;
$^H{+HINTK_KEYWORDS} .= "$kw ";
}
}
sub unimport {
my $class = shift;
if (!@_) {
delete $^H{+HINTK_KEYWORDS};
return;
}
for my $kw (@_) {
$^H{+HINTK_KEYWORDS} =~ s/(?<![^ ])\Q$kw\E //g;
}
}
our %metadata;
sub _register_info {
my (
$key,
$declarator,
$invocant,
$invocant_type,
$positional_required,
$positional_optional,
$named_required,
$named_optional,
$slurpy,
$slurpy_type,
) = @_;
my $info = {
declarator => $declarator,
invocant => defined $invocant ? [$invocant, $invocant_type] : undef,
slurpy => defined $slurpy ? [$slurpy , $slurpy_type ] : undef,
positional_required => $positional_required,
positional_optional => $positional_optional,
named_required => $named_required,
named_optional => $named_optional,
};
$metadata{$key} = $info;
}
sub _mkparam1 {
my ($pair) = @_;
my ($v, $t) = @{$pair || []} or return undef;
Function::Parameters::Param->new(
name => $v,
type => $t,
)
}
sub _mkparams {
my @r;
while (my ($v, $t) = splice @_, 0, 2) {
push @r, Function::Parameters::Param->new(
name => $v,
type => $t,
);
}
\@r
}
sub info {
my ($func) = @_;
my $key = _cv_root $func or return undef;
my $info = $metadata{$key} or return undef;
require Function::Parameters::Info;
Function::Parameters::Info->new(
keyword => $info->{declarator},
invocant => _mkparam1($info->{invocant}),
slurpy => _mkparam1($info->{slurpy}),
(map +("_$_" => _mkparams @{$info->{$_}}), glob '{positional,named}_{required,optional}')
)
}
'ok'
__END__
=encoding UTF-8
=head1 NAME
Function::Parameters - subroutine definitions with parameter lists
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use Function::Parameters qw(:strict);
# simple function
fun foo($bar, $baz) {
return $bar + $baz;
}
# function with prototype
fun mymap($fun, @args)
:(&@)
{
my @res;
for (@args) {
push @res, $fun->($_);
}
@res
}
print "$_\n" for mymap { $_ * 2 } 1 .. 4;
# method with implicit $self
method set_name($name) {
$self->{name} = $name;
}
# method with explicit invocant
method new($class: %init) {
return bless { %init }, $class;
}
# function with optional parameters
fun search($haystack, $needle = qr/^(?!)/, $offset = 0) {
...
}
# method with named parameters
method resize(:$width, :$height) {
$self->{width} = $width;
$self->{height} = $height;
}
$obj->resize(height => 4, width => 5);
# function with named optional parameters
fun search($haystack, :$needle = qr/^(?!)/, :$offset = 0) {
...
}
my $results = search $text, offset => 200;
=head1 DESCRIPTION
This module extends Perl with keywords that let you define functions with
parameter lists. It uses Perl's L<keyword plugin|perlapi/PL_keyword_plugin>
API, so it works reliably and doesn't require a source filter.
=head2 Basics
The anatomy of a function (as recognized by this module):
=over
=item 1.
The keyword introducing the function.
=item 2.
The function name (optional).
=item 3.
The parameter list (optional).
=item 4.
The prototype (optional).
=item 5.
The attribute list (optional).
=item 6.
The function body.
=back
Example:
# (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
fun foo ($x, $y) :($$) :lvalue { ... }
# (1) (6)
my $f = fun { ... };
In the following section I'm going to describe all parts in order from simplest to most complex.
=head3 Body
This is just a normal block of statements, as with L<C<sub>|perlsub>. No surprises here.
=head3 Name
If present, it specifies the name of the function being defined. As with
L<C<sub>|perlsub>, if a name is present, the whole declaration is syntactically
a statement and its effects are performed at compile time (i.e. at runtime you
can call functions whose definitions only occur later in the file). If no name
is present, the declaration is an expression that evaluates to a reference to
the function in question. No surprises here either.
=head3 Attributes
Attributes are relatively unusual in Perl code, but if you want them, they work
exactly the same as with L<C<sub>|perlsub/Subroutine-Attributes>.
=head3 Prototype
As with L<C<sub>|perlsub/Prototypes>, a prototype, if present, contains hints as to how
the compiler should parse calls to this function. This means prototypes have no
effect if the function call is compiled before the function declaration has
been seen by the compiler or if the function to call is only determined at
runtime (e.g. because it's called as a method or through a reference).
With L<C<sub>|perlsub>, a prototype comes directly after the function name (if
any). C<Function::Parameters> reserves this spot for the
L<parameter list|/"Parameter list">. To specify a prototype, put it as the
first attribute (e.g. C<fun foo :(&$$)>). This is syntactically unambiguous
because normal L<attributes|/Attributes> need a name after the colon.
=head3 Parameter list
The parameter list is a list of variables enclosed in parentheses, except it's
actually a bit more complicated than that. A parameter list can include the
following 6 parts, all of which are optional:
=over
=item 1. Invocant
This is a scalar variable followed by a colon (C<:>) and no comma. If an
invocant is present in the parameter list, the first element of
L<C<@_>|perlvar/@ARG> is automatically L<C<shift>ed|perlfunc/shift> off and
placed in this variable. This is intended for methods:
method new($class: %init) {
return bless { %init }, $class;
}
method throw($self:) {
die $self;
}
=item 2. Required positional parameters
The most common kind of parameter. This is simply a comma-separated list of
scalars, which are filled from left to right with the arguments that the caller
passed in:
fun add($x, $y) {
return $x + $y;
}
say add(2, 3); # "5"
=item 3. Optional positional parameters
Parameters can be marked as optional by putting an equals sign (C<=>) and an
expression (the "default argument") after them. If no corresponding argument is
passed in by the caller, the default argument will be used to initialize the
parameter:
fun scale($base, $factor = 2) {
return $base * $factor;
}
say scale(3, 5); # "15"
say scale(3); # "6"
The default argument is I<not> cached. Every time a function is called with
some optional arguments missing, the corresponding default arguments are
evaluated from left to right. This makes no difference for a value like C<2>
but it is important for expressions with side effects, such as reference
constructors (C<[]>, C<{}>) or function calls.
Default arguments see not only the surrounding lexical scope of their function
but also any preceding parameters. This allows the creation of dynamic defaults
based on previous arguments:
method set_name($self: $nick = $self->default_nick, $real_name = $nick) {
$self->{nick} = $nick;
$self->{real_name} = $real_name;
}
$obj->set_name("simplicio"); # same as: $obj->set_name("simplicio", "simplicio");
Because default arguments are actually evaluated as part of the function body,
you can also do silly things like this:
fun foo($n = return "nope") {
"you gave me $n"
}
say foo(2 + 2); # "you gave me 4"
say foo(); # "nope"
=item 4. Required named parameters
By putting a colon (C<:>) in front of a parameter you can make it named
instead of positional:
fun rectangle(:$width, :$height) {
...
}
rectangle(width => 2, height => 5);
rectangle(height => 5, width => 2); # same thing!
That is, the caller must specify a key name in addition to the value, but in
exchange the order of the arguments doesn't matter anymore. As with hash
initialization, you can specify the same key multiple times and the last
occurrence wins:
rectangle(height => 1, width => 2, height => 2, height => 5);
# same as: rectangle(width => 2, height => 5);
You can combine positional and named parameters as long as the positional
parameters come first:
fun named_rectangle($name, :$width, :$height) {
...
}
named_rectangle("Avocado", width => 0.5, height => 1.2);
=item 5. Optional named parameters
As with positional parameters, you can make named parameters optional by
specifying a default argument after an equals sign (C<=>):
fun rectangle(:$width, :$height, :$color = "chartreuse") {
...
}
rectangle(height => 10, width => 5);
# same as: rectangle(height => 10, width => 5, color => "chartreuse");
=cut
=pod
fun get($url, :$cookie_jar = HTTP::Cookies->new(), :$referrer = $url) {
...
}
my $data = get "http://www.example.com/", referrer => undef; # overrides $referrer = $url
The above example shows that passing any value (even C<undef>) will override
the default argument.
=item 6. Slurpy parameter
Finally you can put an array or hash in the parameter list, which will gobble
up the remaining arguments (if any):
fun foo($x, $y, @rest) { ... }
foo "a", "b"; # $x = "a", $y = "b", @rest = ()
foo "a", "b", "c"; # $x = "a", $y = "b", @rest = ("c")
foo "a", "b", "c", "d"; # $x = "a", $y = "b", @rest = ("c", "d")
If you combine this with named parameters, the slurpy parameter will end up
containing all unrecognized keys:
fun bar(:$size, @whatev) { ... }
bar weight => 20, size => 2, location => [0, -3];
# $size = 2, @whatev = ('weight', 20, 'location', [0, -3])
=back
Apart from the L<C<shift>|perlfunc/shift> performed by the L<invocant|/"1.
Invocant">, all of the above leave L<C<@_>|perlvar/@ARG> unchanged; and if you
don't specify a parameter list at all, L<C<@_>|perlvar/@ARG> is all you get.
=head3 Keyword
The keywords provided by C<Function::Parameters> are customizable. Since
C<Function::Parameters> is actually a L<pragma|perlpragma>, the provided
keywords have lexical scope. The following import variants can be used:
=over
=item C<use Function::Parameters ':strict'>
Provides the keywords C<fun> and C<method> (described below) and enables
argument checks so that calling a function and omitting a required argument (or
passing too many arguments) will throw an error.
=item C<use Function::Parameters>
Provides the keywords C<fun> and C<method> (described below) and enables
"lax" mode: Omitting a required argument sets it to C<undef> while excess
arguments are silently ignored.
=item C<< use Function::Parameters { KEYWORD1 => TYPE1, KEYWORD2 => TYPE2, ... } >>
Provides completely custom keywords as described by their types. A "type" is
either a string (one of the predefined types C<function>, C<method>,
C<classmethod>, C<function_strict>, C<method_strict>, C<classmethod_strict>) or
a reference to a hash with the following keys:
=over
=item C<name>
Valid values: C<optional> (default), C<required> (all functions defined with
this keyword must have a name), and C<prohibited> (functions defined with this
keyword must be anonymous).
=item C<shift>
Valid values: strings that look like scalar variables. This lets you specify a
default L<invocant|/"1. Invocant">, i.e. a function defined with this keyword
that doesn't have an explicit invocant in its parameter list will automatically
L<C<shift>|perlfunc/shift> its first argument into the variable specified here.
=item C<invocant>
Valid values: booleans. If you set this to a true value, the keyword will
accept L<invocants|/"1. Invocant"> in parameter lists; otherwise specifying
an invocant in a function defined with this keyword is a syntax error.
=item C<attributes>
Valid values: strings containing (source code for) attributes. This causes any
function defined with this keyword to have the specified
L<attributes|attributes> (in addition to any attributes specified in the
function definition itself).
=item C<default_arguments>
Valid values: booleans. This property is on by default; use
C<< default_arguments => 0 >> to turn it off. This controls whether optional
parameters are allowed. If it is turned off, using C<=> in parameter lists is
a syntax error.
=item C<check_argument_count>
Valid values: booleans. If turned on, functions defined with this keyword will
automatically check that they have been passed all required arguments and no
excess arguments. If this check fails, an exception will by thrown via
L<C<Carp::croak>|Carp>.
Currently this flag is overloaded to also enable type checks (see
L</Experimental feature: Types> below).
=item C<reify_type>
Valid values: code references. The function specified here will be called to
turn type annotations into constraint objects (see
L</Experimental feature: Types> below). It will receive two arguments: a string
containing the type description, and the name of the current package.
The default type reifier is equivalent to:
sub {
require Moose::Util::TypeConstraints;
Moose::Util::TypeConstraints::find_or_create_isa_type_constraint($_[0])
}
=back
The predefined type C<function> is equivalent to:
{
name => 'optional',
invocant => 0,
default_arguments => 1,
check_argument_count => 0,
}
These are all default values, so C<function> is also equivalent to C<{}>.
C<method> is equivalent to:
{
name => 'optional',
shift => '$self',
invocant => 1,
attributes => ':method',
default_arguments => 1,
check_argument_count => 0,
}
C<classmethod> is equivalent to:
{
name => 'optional',
shift => '$class',
invocant => 1,
attributes => ':method',
default_arguments => 1,
check_argument_count => 0,
}
C<function_strict>, C<method_strict>, and
C<classmethod_strict> are like C<function>, C<method>, and
C<classmethod>, respectively, but with C<< check_argument_count => 1 >>.
=back
Plain C<use Function::Parameters> is equivalent to
C<< use Function::Parameters { fun => 'function', method => 'method' } >>.
C<use Function::Parameters qw(:strict)> is equivalent to
C<< use Function::Parameters { fun => 'function_strict', method => 'method_strict' } >>.
=head2 Introspection
You can ask a function at runtime what parameters it has. This functionality is
available through the function C<Function::Parameters::info> (which is not
exported, so you have to call it by its full name). It takes a reference to a
function, and returns either C<undef> (if it knows nothing about the function)
or a L<Function::Parameters::Info> object describing the parameter list.
Note: This feature is implemented using L<Moo>, so you'll need to have L<Moo>
installed if you want to call C<Function::Parameters::info> (alternatively, if
L<Moose> is already loaded by the time C<Function::Parameters::info> is first
called, it will use that instead).
See L<Function::Parameters::Info> for examples.
=head2 Wrapping C<Function::Parameters>
If you want to write a wrapper around C<Function::Parameters>, you only have to
call its C<import> method. Due to its L<pragma|perlpragma> nature it always
affects the file that is currently being compiled.
package Some::Wrapper;
use Function::Parameters ();
sub import {
Function::Parameters->import;
# or Function::Parameters->import(@custom_import_args);
}
=head2 Experimental feature: Types
An experimental feature is now available: You can annotate parameters with
types. That is, before each parameter you can put a type specification
consisting of identifiers (C<Foo>), unions (C<... | ...>), and parametric types
(C<...[...]>). Example:
fun foo(Int $n, ArrayRef[String | CodeRef] $cb) { ... }
If you do this, the type reification function corresponding to the keyword will
be called to turn the type (a string) into a constraint object. The default
type reifier simply loads L<Moose> and forwards to
L<C<Moose::Util::TypeConstraints::find_or_parse_type_constraint>|Moose::Util::TypeConstraints/find_or_parse_type_constraint>,
which creates L<Moose types|Moose::Manual::Types>.
If you are in "lax" mode, nothing further happens and the types are ignored. If
you are in "strict" mode, C<Function::Parameters> generates code to make sure
any values passed in conform to the type (via
L<< C<< $constraint->check($value) >>|Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint/$constraint->check($value) >>).
In addition, these type constraints are inspectable through the
L<Function::Parameters::Info> object returned by
L<C<Function::Parameters::info>|/Introspection>.
=head2 Experimental experimental feature: Type expressions
An even more experimental feature is the ability to specify arbitrary
expressions as types. The syntax for this is like the literal types described
above, but with an expression wrapped in parentheses (C<( EXPR )>). Example:
fun foo(('Int') $n, ($othertype) $x) { ... }
Every type expression must return either a string (which is resolved as for
literal types), or a L<type constraint object|Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint>
(providing C<check> and C<get_message> methods).
Note that these expressions are evaluated (once) at parse time (similar to
C<BEGIN> blocks), so make sure that any variables you use are set and any
functions you call are defined at parse time.
=head2 How it works
The module is actually written in L<C|perlxs> and uses
L<C<PL_keyword_plugin>|perlapi/PL_keyword_plugin> to generate opcodes directly.
However, you can run L<C<perl -MO=Deparse ...>|B::Deparse> on your code to see
what happens under the hood. In the simplest case (no argument checks, possibly
an L<invocant|/"1. Invocant">, required positional/slurpy parameters only), the
generated code corresponds to:
fun foo($x, $y, @z) { ... }
# ... turns into ...
sub foo { my ($x, $y, @z) = @_; sub foo; ... }
method bar($x, $y, @z) { ... }
# ... turns into ...
sub bar :method { my $self = shift; my ($x, $y, @z) = @_; sub bar; ... }
=head1 SUPPORT AND DOCUMENTATION
After installing, you can find documentation for this module with the
perldoc command.
perldoc Function::Parameters
You can also look for information at:
=over
=item MetaCPAN
L<https://metacpan.org/module/Function%3A%3AParameters>
=item RT, CPAN's request tracker
L<http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/Bugs.html?Dist=Function-Parameters>
=item AnnoCPAN, Annotated CPAN documentation
L<http://annocpan.org/dist/Function-Parameters>
=item CPAN Ratings
L<http://cpanratings.perl.org/d/Function-Parameters>
=item Search CPAN
L<http://search.cpan.org/dist/Function-Parameters/>
=back
=head1 SEE ALSO
L<Function::Parameters::Info>
=head1 AUTHOR
Lukas Mai, C<< <l.mai at web.de> >>
=head1 COPYRIGHT & LICENSE
Copyright 2010-2013 Lukas Mai.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of either: the GNU General Public License as published
by the Free Software Foundation; or the Artistic License.
See http://dev.perl.org/licenses/ for more information.
=cut