# PODNAME: Locale::Country::Multilingual::Unicode
# ABSTRACT: Recommended Usage with Unicode

__END__

=pod

=encoding utf-8

=head1 NAME

Locale::Country::Multilingual::Unicode - Recommended Usage with Unicode

=head1 VERSION

version 0.25

=head1 SYNOPSIS

  use utf8;
  use Encode::StdIO;
  use Locale::Country::Multilingual {use_io_layer => 1};

  my $lcm = Locale::Country::Multilingual->new;

  $lcm->set_lang('de');
  print $lcm->code2country('gb'), "\n";

=head1 DESCRIPTION

You are on a modern computer system, that uses C<utf-8> encoding by
default. L<Locale::Country::Multilingual> uses language data, that is
in C<utf-8> too. Everything is fine.... Really?

Try this in your favorite terminal:

  > perl -le 'print "bäh!"'
  bäh!

Uppercase it:

  > LANG=en_US perl -Mlocale -le 'print uc "bäh!"'
  BäH!

Wrong! It should have been C<BÄH!>. Though on C<latin1> systems it works.
Same for C<Österreich> - the German and native name for C<Austria>. If you
run C<lc()> on it, it won't change.

What happened is, that you write files (and code) in C<utf-8>, a multi-byte
encoding, but Perl expects C<latin1> (C<iso-8859-1>) B<by default>, a
single-byte encoding. Provided you C<use locale;> together with an
appropriate locale (here C<en_US>) in your Perl program, a lowercase
C<latin1> C<ä> (C<0xe4>) is turned into an uppercase C<Ä> (C<0xc4>) -
but only if your input comes as C<latin1>.

A C<utf-8> C<ä> is encoded as C<0xc3, 0xa4>. Therefore C<uc()> does not
detect the two-byte C<ä> as a letter that could be uppercased.

Language files in C<Locale::Country::Multilingual> are in C<utf-8>.

To make everything work the correct workflow is:

=over 4

=item use utf8;

This pragma tells Perl, that all text in your code is actually in C<utf-8>,
so the Perl interpreter converts it into its internal string format
correctly. Actually this is only necessary, when you have literals that
contain non-ASCII characters, e.g. when you code:

  print "Dürüm Döner Kebap\n";

Even if your system does not use C<utf-8> by default, your Perl programs
should be encoded in C<utf-8>. Use an editor where you can set the
encoding.

=item Set encoding for input and output

By default Perl converts the internal string representation into C<latin1>
for input and output. So the above C<print> output would be broken on a
non-C<latin1> system. For switching C<STDIN>, C<STDOUT> and C<STDERR> to
C<utf-8>, you can write:

  binmode STDIN, ':utf8';
  binmode STDOUT, ':utf8';
  binmode STDERR, ':utf8';

If your system uses another encoding, e.g. C<"euc-jp">, you can switch a
filehandle to that encoding with:

  binmode FH, ':encoding(euc-jp)';

In a web application don't forget to set the output MIME type as well!

If output goes to a terminal:

  use Encode::StdIO;

This module determines your terminal's encoding - even if it is something
other than C<utf-8> - and sets the appropriate IO layers for the three
standard IO handles.

=item Set C<< use_io_layer => 1 >>

There are two places where this option can be specified: Either in C<use>
or in new:

  use Locale::Country::Multilingual {use_io_layer => 1};

  my $lcm = Locale::Country::Multilingual->new(
    lang => 'de',
    use_io_layer => 1,
  );
  print uc $lcm->code2country('gb'), "\n";

That should print

  VEREINIGTES KÖNIGREICH GROSSBRITANNIEN UND NORDIRLAND

Wow! Even the C<"ß"> has been converted correctly into C<"SS">.

=back

=head1 NAME

Locale::Country::Multilingual::Unicode - Recommended Usage with Unicode

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<perluniintro|perluniintro>, L<Encode::StdIO|Encode::StdIO>

=head1 AUTHOR

Bernhard Graf C<graf(a)cpan,org>

=head1 COPYRIGHT & LICENSE

This text is in the public domain.

=head1 AUTHORS

=over 4

=item *

Bernhard Graf <graf@cpan.org>

=item *

Fayland Lam <fayland@gmail.com>

=item *

Greg Oschwald <oschwald@cpan.org>

=back

=head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

This software is copyright (c) 2014 by Fayland Lam.

This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.

=cut