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<span class="siteTitle">NYTProf Performance Profile</span>
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<span class="siteSubtitle">Run on Tue May 4 15:25:55 2010<br />Reported on Tue May 4 15:26:18 2010</span>
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<table>
<tr>
<td class="h" align="right">File</td>
<td align="left">/usr/local/lib/perl5/5.10.1/Carp.pm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="h" align="right">Statements Executed</td>
<td align="left">12</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="h" align="right">Statement Execution Time</td>
<td align="left">21µs</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table id="subs_table" border="1" cellpadding="0" class="tablesorter">
<caption>Subroutines — ordered by exclusive time</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Calls</th>
<th><span title="Number of Places sub is called from">P</span></th>
<th><span title="Number of Files sub is called from">F</span></th>
<th>Exclusive<br />Time</th>
<th>Inclusive<br />Time</th>
<th>Subroutine</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3"><span title="0.0%">0s</span></td><td class="c3"><span title="0.0%">0s</span></td><td class="sub_name"><span style="display: none;">Carp::::carp</span>Carp::<a href="Carp-pm-line.html#46">carp</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3"><span title="0.0%">0s</span></td><td class="c3"><span title="0.0%">0s</span></td><td class="sub_name"><span style="display: none;">Carp::::cluck</span>Carp::<a href="Carp-pm-line.html#47">cluck</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3"><span title="0.0%">0s</span></td><td class="c3"><span title="0.0%">0s</span></td><td class="sub_name"><span style="display: none;">Carp::::confess</span>Carp::<a href="Carp-pm-line.html#45">confess</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3"><span title="0.0%">0s</span></td><td class="c3"><span title="0.0%">0s</span></td><td class="sub_name"><span style="display: none;">Carp::::croak</span>Carp::<a href="Carp-pm-line.html#44">croak</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3"><span title="0.0%">0s</span></td><td class="c3"><span title="0.0%">0s</span></td><td class="sub_name"><span style="display: none;">Carp::::export_fail</span>Carp::<a href="Carp-pm-line.html#25">export_fail</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3"><span title="0.0%">0s</span></td><td class="c3"><span title="0.0%">0s</span></td><td class="sub_name"><span style="display: none;">Carp::::longmess</span>Carp::<a href="Carp-pm-line.html#28">longmess</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3"><span title="0.0%">0s</span></td><td class="c3"><span title="0.0%">0s</span></td><td class="sub_name"><span style="display: none;">Carp::::longmess_jmp</span>Carp::<a href="Carp-pm-line.html#31">longmess_jmp</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3"><span title="0.0%">0s</span></td><td class="c3"><span title="0.0%">0s</span></td><td class="sub_name"><span style="display: none;">Carp::::shortmess</span>Carp::<a href="Carp-pm-line.html#29">shortmess</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3">0</td><td class="c3"><span title="0.0%">0s</span></td><td class="c3"><span title="0.0%">0s</span></td><td class="sub_name"><span style="display: none;">Carp::::shortmess_jmp</span>Carp::<a href="Carp-pm-line.html#37">shortmess_jmp</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Call graph for these subroutines as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphviz">Graphviz</a> <a href="usr-local-lib-perl5-5-10-1-Carp-pm.dot">dot language file</a>.
<table border="1" cellpadding="0">
<thead>
<tr><th>Line</th>
<th><span title="Number of statements executed">State<br />ments</span></th>
<th><span title="Time spend executing statements on the line,
excluding time spent executing statements in any called subroutines">Time<br />on line</span></th>
<th><span title="Number of subroutines calls">Calls</span></th>
<th><span title="Time spent in subroutines called">Time<br />in subs</span></th>
<th class="left_indent_header">Code</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="1"></a>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">package Carp;</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="2"></a>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="3"></a>3</td><td class="c3">1</td><td class="c3"><span title="Avg 500ns">500ns</span></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">our $VERSION = '1.11';</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="4"></a>4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"># this file is an utra-lightweight stub. The first time a function is</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="5"></a>5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"># called, Carp::Heavy is loaded, and the real short/longmessmess_jmp</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="6"></a>6</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"># subs are installed</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="7"></a>7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="8"></a>8</td><td class="c3">1</td><td class="c3"><span title="Avg 100ns">100ns</span></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">our $MaxEvalLen = 0;</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="9"></a>9</td><td class="c3">1</td><td class="c3"><span title="Avg 100ns">100ns</span></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">our $Verbose = 0;</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="10"></a>10</td><td class="c3">1</td><td class="c3"><span title="Avg 100ns">100ns</span></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">our $CarpLevel = 0;</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="11"></a>11</td><td class="c3">1</td><td class="c3"><span title="Avg 0s">0s</span></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">our $MaxArgLen = 64; # How much of each argument to print. 0 = all.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="12"></a>12</td><td class="c3">1</td><td class="c3"><span title="Avg 100ns">100ns</span></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">our $MaxArgNums = 8; # How many arguments to print. 0 = all.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="13"></a>13</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="14"></a>14</td><td class="c3">1</td><td class="c3"><span title="Avg 400ns">400ns</span></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">require Exporter;</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="15"></a>15</td><td class="c3">1</td><td class="c0"><span title="Avg 6µs">6µs</span></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">our @ISA = ('Exporter');</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="16"></a>16</td><td class="c3">1</td><td class="c1"><span title="Avg 700ns">700ns</span></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">our @EXPORT = qw(confess croak carp);</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="17"></a>17</td><td class="c3">1</td><td class="c1"><span title="Avg 700ns">700ns</span></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">our @EXPORT_OK = qw(cluck verbose longmess shortmess);</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="18"></a>18</td><td class="c3">1</td><td class="c3"><span title="Avg 300ns">300ns</span></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">our @EXPORT_FAIL = qw(verbose); # hook to enable verbose mode</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="19"></a>19</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="20"></a>20</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"># if the caller specifies verbose usage ("perl -MCarp=verbose script.pl")</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="21"></a>21</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"># then the following method will be called by the Exporter which knows</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="22"></a>22</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"># to do this thanks to @EXPORT_FAIL, above. $_[1] will contain the word</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="23"></a>23</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"># 'verbose'.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="24"></a>24</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="25"></a>25</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">sub export_fail { shift; $Verbose = shift if $_[0] eq 'verbose'; @_ }</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="26"></a>26</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="27"></a>27</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"># fixed hooks for stashes to point to</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="28"></a>28</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">sub longmess { goto &longmess_jmp }</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="29"></a>29</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">sub shortmess { goto &shortmess_jmp }</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="30"></a>30</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"># these two are replaced when Carp::Heavy is loaded</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="31"></a>31</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">sub longmess_jmp {</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="32"></a>32</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"> local($@, $!);</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="33"></a>33</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"> eval { require Carp::Heavy };</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="34"></a>34</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"> return $@ if $@;</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="35"></a>35</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"> goto &longmess_real;</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="36"></a>36</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">}</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="37"></a>37</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">sub shortmess_jmp {</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="38"></a>38</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"> local($@, $!);</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="39"></a>39</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"> eval { require Carp::Heavy };</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="40"></a>40</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"> return $@ if $@;</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="41"></a>41</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"> goto &shortmess_real;</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="42"></a>42</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">}</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="43"></a>43</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="44"></a>44</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">sub croak { die shortmess @_ }</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="45"></a>45</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">sub confess { die longmess @_ }</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="46"></a>46</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">sub carp { warn shortmess @_ }</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="47"></a>47</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">sub cluck { warn longmess @_ }</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="48"></a>48</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="49"></a>49</td><td class="c3">1</td><td class="c0"><span title="Avg 12µs">12µs</span></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">1;</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="50"></a>50</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">__END__</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="51"></a>51</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="52"></a>52</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">=head1 NAME</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="53"></a>53</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="54"></a>54</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">carp - warn of errors (from perspective of caller)</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="55"></a>55</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="56"></a>56</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">cluck - warn of errors with stack backtrace</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="57"></a>57</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"> (not exported by default)</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="58"></a>58</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="59"></a>59</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">croak - die of errors (from perspective of caller)</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="60"></a>60</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="61"></a>61</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">confess - die of errors with stack backtrace</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="62"></a>62</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="63"></a>63</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">=head1 SYNOPSIS</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="64"></a>64</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="65"></a>65</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"> use Carp;</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="66"></a>66</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"> croak "We're outta here!";</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="67"></a>67</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="68"></a>68</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"> use Carp qw(cluck);</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="69"></a>69</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"> cluck "This is how we got here!";</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="70"></a>70</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="71"></a>71</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">=head1 DESCRIPTION</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="72"></a>72</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="73"></a>73</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">The Carp routines are useful in your own modules because</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="74"></a>74</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">they act like die() or warn(), but with a message which is more</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="75"></a>75</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">likely to be useful to a user of your module. In the case of</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="76"></a>76</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">cluck, confess, and longmess that context is a summary of every</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="77"></a>77</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">call in the call-stack. For a shorter message you can use C<carp></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="78"></a>78</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">or C<croak> which report the error as being from where your module</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="79"></a>79</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">was called. There is no guarantee that that is where the error</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="80"></a>80</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">was, but it is a good educated guess.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="81"></a>81</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="82"></a>82</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">You can also alter the way the output and logic of C<Carp> works, by</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="83"></a>83</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">changing some global variables in the C<Carp> namespace. See the</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="84"></a>84</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">section on C<GLOBAL VARIABLES> below.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="85"></a>85</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="86"></a>86</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">Here is a more complete description of how C<carp> and C<croak> work.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="87"></a>87</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">What they do is search the call-stack for a function call stack where</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="88"></a>88</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">they have not been told that there shouldn't be an error. If every</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="89"></a>89</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">call is marked safe, they give up and give a full stack backtrace</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="90"></a>90</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">instead. In other words they presume that the first likely looking</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="91"></a>91</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">potential suspect is guilty. Their rules for telling whether</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="92"></a>92</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">a call shouldn't generate errors work as follows:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="93"></a>93</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="94"></a>94</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">=over 4</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="95"></a>95</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="96"></a>96</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">=item 1.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="97"></a>97</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="98"></a>98</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">Any call from a package to itself is safe.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="99"></a>99</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="100"></a>100</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">=item 2.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="101"></a>101</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="102"></a>102</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">Packages claim that there won't be errors on calls to or from</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="103"></a>103</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">packages explicitly marked as safe by inclusion in C<@CARP_NOT>, or</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="104"></a>104</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">(if that array is empty) C<@ISA>. The ability to override what</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="105"></a>105</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">@ISA says is new in 5.8.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="106"></a>106</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="107"></a>107</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">=item 3.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="108"></a>108</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="109"></a>109</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">The trust in item 2 is transitive. If A trusts B, and B</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="110"></a>110</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">trusts C, then A trusts C. So if you do not override C<@ISA></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="111"></a>111</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">with C<@CARP_NOT>, then this trust relationship is identical to,</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="112"></a>112</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">"inherits from".</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="113"></a>113</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="114"></a>114</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">=item 4.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="115"></a>115</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="116"></a>116</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">Any call from an internal Perl module is safe. (Nothing keeps</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="117"></a>117</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">user modules from marking themselves as internal to Perl, but</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="118"></a>118</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">this practice is discouraged.)</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="119"></a>119</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="120"></a>120</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">=item 5.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="121"></a>121</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="122"></a>122</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">Any call to Perl's warning system (eg Carp itself) is safe.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="123"></a>123</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">(This rule is what keeps it from reporting the error at the</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="124"></a>124</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">point where you call C<carp> or C<croak>.)</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="125"></a>125</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="126"></a>126</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">=item 6.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="127"></a>127</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="128"></a>128</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">C<$Carp::CarpLevel> can be set to skip a fixed number of additional</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="129"></a>129</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">call levels. Using this is not recommended because it is very</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="130"></a>130</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">difficult to get it to behave correctly.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="131"></a>131</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="132"></a>132</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">=back</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="133"></a>133</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="134"></a>134</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">=head2 Forcing a Stack Trace</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="135"></a>135</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="136"></a>136</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">As a debugging aid, you can force Carp to treat a croak as a confess</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="137"></a>137</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">and a carp as a cluck across I<all> modules. In other words, force a</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="138"></a>138</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">detailed stack trace to be given. This can be very helpful when trying</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="139"></a>139</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">to understand why, or from where, a warning or error is being generated.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="140"></a>140</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="141"></a>141</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">This feature is enabled by 'importing' the non-existent symbol</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="142"></a>142</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">'verbose'. You would typically enable it by saying</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="143"></a>143</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="144"></a>144</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"> perl -MCarp=verbose script.pl</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="145"></a>145</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="146"></a>146</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">or by including the string C<-MCarp=verbose> in the PERL5OPT</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="147"></a>147</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">environment variable.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="148"></a>148</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="149"></a>149</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">Alternately, you can set the global variable C<$Carp::Verbose> to true.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="150"></a>150</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">See the C<GLOBAL VARIABLES> section below.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="151"></a>151</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="152"></a>152</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="153"></a>153</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="154"></a>154</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">=head2 $Carp::MaxEvalLen</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="155"></a>155</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="156"></a>156</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">This variable determines how many characters of a string-eval are to</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="157"></a>157</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">be shown in the output. Use a value of C<0> to show all text.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="158"></a>158</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="159"></a>159</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">Defaults to C<0>.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="160"></a>160</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="161"></a>161</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">=head2 $Carp::MaxArgLen</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="162"></a>162</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="163"></a>163</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">This variable determines how many characters of each argument to a</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="164"></a>164</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">function to print. Use a value of C<0> to show the full length of the</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="165"></a>165</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">argument.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="166"></a>166</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="167"></a>167</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">Defaults to C<64>.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="168"></a>168</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="169"></a>169</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">=head2 $Carp::MaxArgNums</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="170"></a>170</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="171"></a>171</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">This variable determines how many arguments to each function to show.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="172"></a>172</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">Use a value of C<0> to show all arguments to a function call.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="173"></a>173</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="174"></a>174</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">Defaults to C<8>.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="175"></a>175</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="176"></a>176</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">=head2 $Carp::Verbose</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="177"></a>177</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="178"></a>178</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">This variable makes C<carp> and C<cluck> generate stack backtraces</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="179"></a>179</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">just like C<cluck> and C<confess>. This is how C<use Carp 'verbose'></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="180"></a>180</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">is implemented internally.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="181"></a>181</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="182"></a>182</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">Defaults to C<0>.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="183"></a>183</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="184"></a>184</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">=head2 %Carp::Internal</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="185"></a>185</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="186"></a>186</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">This says what packages are internal to Perl. C<Carp> will never</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="187"></a>187</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">report an error as being from a line in a package that is internal to</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="188"></a>188</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">Perl. For example:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="189"></a>189</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="190"></a>190</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"> $Carp::Internal{ (__PACKAGE__) }++;</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="191"></a>191</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"> # time passes...</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="192"></a>192</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"> sub foo { ... or confess("whatever") };</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="193"></a>193</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="194"></a>194</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">would give a full stack backtrace starting from the first caller</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="195"></a>195</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">outside of __PACKAGE__. (Unless that package was also internal to</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="196"></a>196</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">Perl.)</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="197"></a>197</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="198"></a>198</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">=head2 %Carp::CarpInternal</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="199"></a>199</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="200"></a>200</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">This says which packages are internal to Perl's warning system. For</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="201"></a>201</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">generating a full stack backtrace this is the same as being internal</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="202"></a>202</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">to Perl, the stack backtrace will not start inside packages that are</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="203"></a>203</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">listed in C<%Carp::CarpInternal>. But it is slightly different for</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="204"></a>204</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">the summary message generated by C<carp> or C<croak>. There errors</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="205"></a>205</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">will not be reported on any lines that are calling packages in</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="206"></a>206</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">C<%Carp::CarpInternal>.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="207"></a>207</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="208"></a>208</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">For example C<Carp> itself is listed in C<%Carp::CarpInternal>.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="209"></a>209</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">Therefore the full stack backtrace from C<confess> will not start</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="210"></a>210</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">inside of C<Carp>, and the short message from calling C<croak> is</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="211"></a>211</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">not placed on the line where C<croak> was called.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="212"></a>212</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="213"></a>213</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">=head2 $Carp::CarpLevel</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="214"></a>214</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="215"></a>215</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">This variable determines how many additional call frames are to be</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="216"></a>216</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">skipped that would not otherwise be when reporting where an error</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="217"></a>217</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">occurred on a call to one of C<Carp>'s functions. It is fairly easy</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="218"></a>218</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">to count these call frames on calls that generate a full stack</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="219"></a>219</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">backtrace. However it is much harder to do this accounting for calls</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="220"></a>220</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">that generate a short message. Usually people skip too many call</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="221"></a>221</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">frames. If they are lucky they skip enough that C<Carp> goes all of</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="222"></a>222</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">the way through the call stack, realizes that something is wrong, and</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="223"></a>223</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">then generates a full stack backtrace. If they are unlucky then the</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="224"></a>224</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">error is reported from somewhere misleading very high in the call</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="225"></a>225</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">stack.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="226"></a>226</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="227"></a>227</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">Therefore it is best to avoid C<$Carp::CarpLevel>. Instead use</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="228"></a>228</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">C<@CARP_NOT>, C<%Carp::Internal> and C<%Carp::CarpInternal>.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="229"></a>229</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="230"></a>230</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">Defaults to C<0>.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="231"></a>231</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="232"></a>232</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">=head1 BUGS</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="233"></a>233</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="234"></a>234</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">The Carp routines don't handle exception objects currently.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="235"></a>235</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">If called with a first argument that is a reference, they simply</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="236"></a>236</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s">call die() or warn(), as appropriate.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="h"><a name="237"></a>237</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="s"></td></tr>
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