/*
*+
* Name:
* palRefv
* Purpose:
* Adjust an unrefracted Cartesian vector to include the effect of atmospheric refraction
* Language:
* Starlink ANSI C
* Type of Module:
* Library routine
* Invocation:
* void palRefv ( double vu[3], double refa, double refb, double vr[3] );
* Arguments:
* vu[3] = double (Given)
* Unrefracted position of the source (Az/El 3-vector)
* refa = double (Given)
* tan Z coefficient (radian)
* refb = double (Given)
* tan**3 Z coefficient (radian)
* vr[3] = double (Returned)
* Refracted position of the source (Az/El 3-vector)
* Description:
* Adjust an unrefracted Cartesian vector to include the effect of
* atmospheric refraction, using the simple A tan Z + B tan**3 Z
* model.
* Authors:
* TIMJ: Tim Jenness
* PTW: Patrick Wallace
* {enter_new_authors_here}
* Notes:
* - This routine applies the adjustment for refraction in the
* opposite sense to the usual one - it takes an unrefracted
* (in vacuo) position and produces an observed (refracted)
* position, whereas the A tan Z + B tan**3 Z model strictly
* applies to the case where an observed position is to have the
* refraction removed. The unrefracted to refracted case is
* harder, and requires an inverted form of the text-book
* refraction models; the algorithm used here is equivalent to
* one iteration of the Newton-Raphson method applied to the above
* formula.
*
* - Though optimized for speed rather than precision, the present
* routine achieves consistency with the refracted-to-unrefracted
* A tan Z + B tan**3 Z model at better than 1 microarcsecond within
* 30 degrees of the zenith and remains within 1 milliarcsecond to
* beyond ZD 70 degrees. The inherent accuracy of the model is, of
* course, far worse than this - see the documentation for sla_REFCO
* for more information.
*
* - At low elevations (below about 3 degrees) the refraction
* correction is held back to prevent arithmetic problems and
* wildly wrong results. For optical/IR wavelengths, over a wide
* range of observer heights and corresponding temperatures and
* pressures, the following levels of accuracy (arcsec, worst case)
* are achieved, relative to numerical integration through a model
* atmosphere:
*
* ZD error
*
* 80 0.7
* 81 1.3
* 82 2.5
* 83 5
* 84 10
* 85 20
* 86 55
* 87 160
* 88 360
* 89 640
* 90 1100
* 91 1700 } relevant only to
* 92 2600 } high-elevation sites
*
* The results for radio are slightly worse over most of the range,
* becoming significantly worse below ZD=88 and unusable beyond
* ZD=90.
*
* - See also the routine palRefz, which performs the adjustment to
* the zenith distance rather than in Cartesian Az/El coordinates.
* The present routine is faster than palRefz and, except very low down,
* is equally accurate for all practical purposes. However, beyond
* about ZD 84 degrees palRefz should be used, and for the utmost
* accuracy iterative use of palRefro should be considered.
* History:
* 2014-07-15 (TIMJ):
* Initial version. A direct copy of the Fortran SLA implementation.
* Adapted with permission from the Fortran SLALIB library.
* {enter_further_changes_here}
* Copyright:
* Copyright (C) 2014 Tim Jenness
* Copyright (C) 2004 Patrick Wallace
* All Rights Reserved.
* Licence:
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
* published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of
* the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
* useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
* warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
* PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston,
* MA 02110-1301, USA.
* Bugs:
* {note_any_bugs_here}
*-
*/
#include "pal.h"
#include "palmac.h"
#include <math.h>
void palRefv ( double vu[3], double refa, double refb, double vr[3] ) {
double x,y,z1,z,zsq,rsq,r,wb,wt,d,cd,f;
/* Initial estimate = unrefracted vector */
x = vu[0];
y = vu[1];
z1 = vu[2];
/* Keep correction approximately constant below about 3 deg elevation */
z = DMAX(z1,0.05);
/* One Newton-Raphson iteration */
zsq = z*z;
rsq = x*x+y*y;
r = sqrt(rsq);
wb = refb*rsq/zsq;
wt = (refa+wb)/(1.0+(refa+3.0*wb)*(zsq+rsq)/zsq);
d = wt*r/z;
cd = 1.0-d*d/2.0;
f = cd*(1.0-wt);
/* Post-refraction x,y,z */
vr[0] = x*f;
vr[1] = y*f;
vr[2] = cd*(z+d*r)+(z1-z);
}