=head1 NAME
Authen::Passphrase::BlowfishCrypt - passphrases using the Blowfish-based
Unix crypt()
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use Authen::Passphrase::BlowfishCrypt;
$ppr = Authen::Passphrase::BlowfishCrypt->new(
cost => 8,
salt => "sodium__chloride",
hash_base64 => "BPZijhMHLvPeNMHd6XwZyNamOXVBTPi");
$ppr = Authen::Passphrase::BlowfishCrypt->new(
cost => 8, salt_random => 1,
passphrase => "passphrase");
$ppr = Authen::Passphrase::BlowfishCrypt->from_crypt(
'$2a$08$a07iYVTrVz7hYEvtakjiXOB'.
'PZijhMHLvPeNMHd6XwZyNamOXVBTPi');
$ppr = Authen::Passphrase::BlowfishCrypt->from_rfc2307(
'{CRYPT}$2a$08$a07iYVTrVz7hYEvtakjiXOB'.
'PZijhMHLvPeNMHd6XwZyNamOXVBTPi');
$key_nul = $ppr->key_nul;
$cost = $ppr->cost;
$cost = $ppr->keying_nrounds_log2;
$salt = $ppr->salt;
$salt_base64 = $ppr->salt_base64;
$hash = $ppr->hash;
$hash_base64 = $ppr->hash_base64;
if($ppr->match($passphrase)) { ...
$passwd = $ppr->as_crypt;
$userPassword = $ppr->as_rfc2307;
=head1 DESCRIPTION
An object of this class encapsulates a passphrase hashed using the
Blowfish-based Unix crypt() hash function, known as "bcrypt". This is
a subclass of L<Authen::Passphrase>, and this document assumes that the
reader is familiar with the documentation for that class.
The crypt() function in a modern Unix actually supports several different
passphrase schemes. This class is concerned only with one particular
scheme, a Blowfish-based algorithm designed by Niels Provos and David
Mazieres for OpenBSD. To handle the whole range of passphrase schemes
supported by the modern crypt(), see the
L<from_crypt|Authen::Passphrase/from_crypt> constructor and the
L<as_crypt|Authen::Passphrase/as_crypt> method in L<Authen::Passphrase>.
The Blowfish-based crypt() scheme uses a variant of Blowfish called
"Eksblowfish", for "expensive key schedule Blowfish". It has the
cryptographic strength of Blowfish, and a very slow key setup phase
to resist brute-force attacks. There is a "cost" parameter to the
scheme: the length of key setup is proportional to 2^cost. There is
a 128-bit salt. Up to 72 characters of the passphrase will be used;
any more will be ignored.
The cost, salt, and passphrase are all used to (very
slowly) key Eksblowfish. Once key setup is done, the string
"OrpheanBeholderScryDoubt" (three Blowfish blocks long) is encrypted 64
times in ECB mode. The final byte of the ciphertext is then dropped,
yielding a 23-byte hash.
In the crypt() function the salt and hash are represented in ASCII
using a base 64 encoding. The base 64 digits are "B<.>", "B</>",
"B<A>" to "B<Z>", "B<a>" to "B<z>", "B<0>" to "B<9>" (in that order).
The 16-byte salt is represented as 22 base 64 digits, and the 23-byte
hash as 31 base 64 digits.
This algorithm is intended for situations where the efficiency of
a brute force attack is a concern. It is suitable for use in new
applications where this requirement exists. If that is not a concern,
and it suffices to merely make brute force the most efficient attack, see
L<Authen::Passphrase::SaltedDigest> for more efficient hash algorithms.
Choice of the cost parameter is critical, due to the need to trade off
expense of brute-force attack against speed of legitimate passphrase
verification. A traditional target is that verification should take
about one second on widely-available hardware. (Algorithms that are
concerned about brute force speed but lack a cost parameter have often
aimed for this, with respect to hardware available at the time of the
algorithm's introduction.) As of 2011, this is achieved with a cost
parameter around 14.
=cut
package Authen::Passphrase::BlowfishCrypt;
{ use 5.006; }
use warnings;
use strict;
use Authen::Passphrase 0.003;
use Carp qw(croak);
use Crypt::Eksblowfish::Bcrypt 0.008 qw(bcrypt_hash en_base64 de_base64);
use Data::Entropy::Algorithms 0.000 qw(rand_bits);
our $VERSION = "0.008";
use parent "Authen::Passphrase";
=head1 CONSTRUCTORS
=over
=item Authen::Passphrase::BlowfishCrypt->new(ATTR => VALUE, ...)
Generates a new passphrase recogniser object using the Blowfish-based
crypt() algorithm. The following attributes may be given:
=over
=item B<key_nul>
Truth value indicating whether to append a NUL to the passphrase before using
it as a key. The algorithm as originally devised does not do this,
but it was later modified to do it. The version that does append NUL
is to be preferred. Default true.
=item B<cost>
Base-two logarithm of the number of keying rounds to perform.
=item B<keying_nrounds_log2>
Synonym for B<cost>.
=item B<salt>
The salt, as a 16-byte string.
=item B<salt_base64>
The salt, as a string of 22 base 64 digits.
=item B<salt_random>
Causes salt to be generated randomly. The value given for this attribute
is ignored. The source of randomness may be controlled by the facility
described in L<Data::Entropy>.
=item B<hash>
The hash, as a 23-byte string.
=item B<hash_base64>
The hash, as a string of 31 base 64 digits.
=item B<passphrase>
A passphrase that will be accepted.
=back
The cost and salt must be given, and either the hash or the passphrase.
=cut
sub new {
my $class = shift;
my $self = bless({}, $class);
my $passphrase;
while(@_) {
my $attr = shift;
my $value = shift;
if($attr eq "key_nul") {
croak "foldness specified redundantly"
if exists $self->{fold};
$self->{key_nul} = !!$value;
} elsif($attr eq "cost" || $attr eq "keying_nrounds_log2") {
croak "cost specified redundantly"
if exists $self->{cost};
croak "\"$value\" is not a valid cost parameter"
unless $value == int($value) && $value >= 0;
$self->{cost} = 0+$value;
} elsif($attr eq "salt") {
croak "salt specified redundantly"
if exists $self->{salt};
$value =~ m#\A[\x00-\xff]{16}\z#
or croak "\"$value\" is not a valid raw salt";
$self->{salt} = "$value";
} elsif($attr eq "salt_base64") {
croak "salt specified redundantly"
if exists $self->{salt};
croak "\"$value\" is not a valid salt"
unless length($value) == 22;
$self->{salt} = de_base64($value);
} elsif($attr eq "salt_random") {
croak "salt specified redundantly"
if exists $self->{salt};
$self->{salt} = rand_bits(128);
} elsif($attr eq "hash") {
croak "hash specified redundantly"
if exists($self->{hash}) ||
defined($passphrase);
$value =~ m#\A[\x00-\xff]{23}\z#
or croak "not a valid raw hash";
$self->{hash} = "$value";
} elsif($attr eq "hash_base64") {
croak "hash specified redundantly"
if exists($self->{hash}) ||
defined($passphrase);
croak "\"$value\" is not a valid hash"
unless length($value) == 31;
$self->{hash} = de_base64($value);
} elsif($attr eq "passphrase") {
croak "passphrase specified redundantly"
if exists($self->{hash}) ||
defined($passphrase);
$passphrase = $value;
} else {
croak "unrecognised attribute `$attr'";
}
}
$self->{key_nul} = !!1 unless exists $self->{key_nul};
croak "cost not specified" unless exists $self->{cost};
croak "salt not specified" unless exists $self->{salt};
$self->{hash} = $self->_hash_of($passphrase) if defined $passphrase;
croak "hash not specified" unless exists $self->{hash};
return $self;
}
=item Authen::Passphrase::BlowfishCrypt->from_crypt(PASSWD)
Generates a new passphrase recogniser object using the Blowfish-based
crypt() algorithm, from a crypt string. The crypt string must start with
"B<$2$>" for the version that does not append NUL to the key, or "B<$2a$>"
for the version that does. The next two characters must be decimal digits
giving the cost parameter. This must be followed by "B<$>", 22 base 64
digits giving the salt, and finally 31 base 64 digits giving the hash.
=cut
sub from_crypt {
my($class, $passwd) = @_;
if($passwd =~ /\A(\$2a?\$)/) {
$passwd =~ m#\A\$2(a?)\$([0-9]{2})\$
([./A-Za-z0-9]{22})([./A-Za-z0-9]{31})\z#x
or croak "malformed $1 data";
my($kn, $cost, $salt, $hash) = ($1, $2, $3, $4);
return $class->new(key_nul => $kn, cost => $cost,
salt_base64 => $salt, hash_base64 => $hash);
}
return $class->SUPER::from_crypt($passwd);
}
=item Authen::Passphrase::BlowfishCrypt->from_rfc2307(USERPASSWORD)
Generates a new passphrase recogniser object using the Blowfish-based
crypt() algorithm, from an RFC 2307 string. The string must consist of
"B<{CRYPT}>" (case insensitive) followed by an acceptable crypt string.
=back
=head1 METHODS
=over
=item $ppr->key_nul
Returns a truth value indicating whether a NUL will be appended to the
passphrase before using it as a key.
=cut
sub key_nul {
my($self) = @_;
return $self->{key_nul};
}
=item $ppr->cost
Returns the base-two logarithm of the number of keying rounds that will
be performed.
=cut
sub cost {
my($self) = @_;
return $self->{cost};
}
=item $ppr->keying_nrounds_log2
Synonym for L</cost>.
=cut
*keying_nrounds_log2 = \&cost;
=item $ppr->salt
Returns the salt, as a string of sixteen bytes.
=cut
sub salt {
my($self) = @_;
return $self->{salt};
}
=item $ppr->salt_base64
Returns the salt, as a string of 22 base 64 digits.
=cut
sub salt_base64 {
my($self) = @_;
return en_base64($self->{salt});
}
=item $ppr->hash
Returns the hash value, as a string of 23 bytes.
=cut
sub hash {
my($self) = @_;
return $self->{hash};
}
=item $ppr->hash_base64
Returns the hash value, as a string of 31 base 64 digits.
=cut
sub hash_base64 {
my($self) = @_;
return en_base64($self->{hash});
}
=item $ppr->match(PASSPHRASE)
=item $ppr->as_crypt
=item $ppr->as_rfc2307
These methods are part of the standard L<Authen::Passphrase> interface.
=cut
sub _hash_of {
my($self, $passphrase) = @_;
return bcrypt_hash({
key_nul => $self->{key_nul},
cost => $self->{cost},
salt => $self->{salt},
}, $passphrase);
}
sub match {
my($self, $passphrase) = @_;
return $self->_hash_of($passphrase) eq $self->{hash};
}
sub as_crypt {
my($self) = @_;
croak "passphrase can't be expressed as a crypt string"
if $self->{cost} > 99;
return sprintf("\$2%s\$%02d\$%s%s", $self->key_nul ? "a" : "",
$self->cost, $self->salt_base64, $self->hash_base64);
}
=back
=head1 SEE ALSO
L<Authen::Passphrase>,
L<Crypt::Eksblowfish::Bcrypt>
=head1 AUTHOR
Andrew Main (Zefram) <zefram@fysh.org>
=head1 COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012
Andrew Main (Zefram) <zefram@fysh.org>
=head1 LICENSE
This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the same terms as Perl itself.
=cut
1;