TIME2POSIX(3) Library Functions Manual TIME2POSIX(3)
NAME
time2posix, posix2time - convert seconds since the Epoch
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <time.h>
time_t time2posix(t)
time_t t
time_t posix2time(t)
time_t t
cc ... -ltz
DESCRIPTION
IEEE Standard 1003.1 (POSIX) legislates that a time_t value of
536457599 shall correspond to "Wed Dec 31 23:59:59 UTC 1986." This
effectively implies that POSIX time_t's cannot include leap seconds
and, therefore, that the system time must be adjusted as each leap
occurs.
If the time package is configured with leap-second support enabled,
however, no such adjustment is needed and time_t values continue to
increase over leap events (as a true `seconds since...' value). This
means that these values will differ from those required by POSIX by the
net number of leap seconds inserted since the Epoch.
Typically this is not a problem as the type time_t is intended to be
(mostly) opaque--time_t values should only be obtained-from and passed-
to functions such as time(2), localtime(3), mktime(3), and difftime(3).
However, POSIX gives an arithmetic expression for directly computing a
time_t value from a given date/time, and the same relationship is
assumed by some (usually older) applications. Any programs
creating/dissecting time_t's using such a relationship will typically
not handle intervals over leap seconds correctly.
The time2posix and posix2time functions are provided to address this
time_t mismatch by converting between local time_t values and their
POSIX equivalents. This is done by accounting for the number of time-
base changes that would have taken place on a POSIX system as leap
seconds were inserted or deleted. These converted values can then be
used in lieu of correcting the older applications, or when
communicating with POSIX-compliant systems.
Time2posix is single-valued. That is, every local time_t corresponds
to a single POSIX time_t. Posix2time is less well-behaved: for a
positive leap second hit the result is not unique, and for a negative
leap second hit the corresponding POSIX time_t doesn't exist so an
adjacent value is returned. Both of these are good indicators of the
inferiority of the POSIX representation.
The following table summarizes the relationship between a time T and
it's conversion to, and back from, the POSIX representation over the
leap second inserted at the end of June, 1993.
DATE TIME T X=time2posix(T) posix2time(X)
93/06/30 23:59:59 A+0 B+0 A+0
93/06/30 23:59:60 A+1 B+1 A+1 or A+2
93/07/01 00:00:00 A+2 B+1 A+1 or A+2
93/07/01 00:00:01 A+3 B+2 A+3
A leap second deletion would look like...
DATE TIME T X=time2posix(T) posix2time(X)
??/06/30 23:59:58 A+0 B+0 A+0
??/07/01 00:00:00 A+1 B+2 A+1
??/07/01 00:00:01 A+2 B+3 A+2
[Note: posix2time(B+1) => A+0 or A+1]
If leap-second support is not enabled, local time_t's and POSIX
time_t's are equivalent, and both time2posix and posix2time degenerate
to the identity function.
SEE ALSO
difftime(3), localtime(3), mktime(3), time(2)
TIME2POSIX(3)