DBIx::SecureCGI - Secure conversion of CGI params hash to SQL
This document describes DBIx::SecureCGI version v3.0.0
#--- sync use DBIx::SecureCGI; $row = $dbh->Select('Table', \%Q); @rows = $dbh->Select(['Table1','Table2'], {%Q, id_user=>$id}); $count = $dbh->Count('Table', {age__gt=>25}); $id = $dbh->ID('Table', {login=>$login, pass=>$pass}); @id = $dbh->ID('Table', {age__gt=>25}); $newid = $dbh->Insert('Table', \%Q); $rv = $dbh->InsertIgnore('Table', \%Q); $rv = $dbh->Update('Table', \%Q); $rv = $dbh->Replace('Table', \%Q); $rv = $dbh->Delete('Table', \%Q); $rv = $dbh->Delete(undef, {id_user=>$id}); @rows = $dbh->All('SELECT * FROM Table WHERE id_user=?', $id); $row = $dbh->Row('SELECT * FROM Table WHERE id_user=?', $id); @col = $dbh->Col('SELECT id_user FROM Table'); $SQL = $dbh->GetSQL(['Table1','Table2'], \%Q); $cache = $dbh->TableInfo(['Table1','Table2']); $desc = $dbh->ColumnInfo('Table'); #--- async use AnyEvent::DBI::MySQL; use DBIx::SecureCGI; $dbh->Select(…, sub { my (@rows) = @_; … }); $dbh->Count(…, sub { my ($count) = @_; … }); $dbh->ID(…, sub { my (@id) = @_; … }); $dbh->Insert(…, sub { my ($newid, $dbh) = @_; … }); $dbh->InsertIgnore(…, sub { my ($rv, $dbh) = @_; … }); $dbh->Update(…, sub { my ($rv, $dbh) = @_; … }); $dbh->Replace(…, sub { my ($rv, $dbh) = @_; … }); $dbh->Delete(…, sub { my ($rv, $dbh) = @_; … }); $dbh->All(…, sub { my (@rows) = @_; … }); $dbh->Row(…, sub { my ($row) = @_; … }); $dbh->Col(…, sub { my (@col) = @_; … }); $dbh->GetSQL(…, sub { my ($SQL) = @_; … }); $dbh->TableInfo(…, sub { my ($cache) = @_; … }); $dbh->ColumnInfo(…, sub { my ($desc) = @_; … }); #--- setup DBIx::SecureCGI::DefineFunc( $name, '%s op %s' ) DBIx::SecureCGI::DefineFunc( $name, [ qr/regexp/, '%s op %s' ] ) DBIx::SecureCGI::DefineFunc( $name, sub { … } ) $cache = $dbh->SecureCGICache(); $dbh->SecureCGICache($new_cache);
This module let you use hash with CGI params to make (or just generate) SQL queries to MySQL database in easy and secure way. To make this magic possible there are some limitations and requirements:
Your app and db scheme must conform to these "CONVENTIONS"
Small speed penalty/extra queries to load scheme from db
No support for advanced SQL, only basic queries
Example: if all CGI params (including unrelated to db table 'Table') are in %Q, then:
%Q
@rows = $dbh->Select('Table', \%Q);
will execute any simple SELECT query from the table Table (defined by user-supplied parameters in %Q); and this:
SELECT
Table
@user_rows = $dbh->Select('Table', {%Q, id_user=>$id});
will make any similar query limited to records with id_user column value $id (thus allowing user to fetch any or his own records).
id_user
$id
The module is intended for use only with a fairly simple tables and simple SQL queries. More advanced queries usually can be generated manually with help of "GetSQL" or you can just use plain DBI methods.
Also it support non-blocking SQL queries using AnyEvent::DBI::MySQL and thus can be effectively used with event-based CGI frameworks like Mojolicious or with event-based FastCGI servers like FCGI::EV.
Finally, it can be used in non-CGI environment, as simplified interface to DBI.
At a glance, generating SQL queries based on untrusted parameters sent by user to your CGI looks very unsafe. But interface of this module designed to make it safe - while you conform to some "CONVENTIONS" and follow some simple guidelines.
User have no control over query type (SELECT/INSERT/…)
It's defined by method name you call.
User have no control over tables involved in SQL query
It's defined by separate (first) parameter in all methods, unrelated to hash with CGI parameters.
User have no direct control over SQL query
All values from hash are either quoted before inserting into SQL, or checked using very strict regular expressions if it's impossible to quote them (like for date/time INTERVAL values).
INTERVAL
You can block/control access to "secure" fields in all tables
Name all such fields in some special way (like beginning with "_") and when receiving CGI parameters immediately delete all keys in hash which match these fields (i.e. all keys beginning with "_"). Later you can analyse user's request and manually add to hash keys for these fields before call method to execute SQL query.
_
You can limit user's access to some subset of records
Just instead of using plain \%Q as parameter for methods use something like { %Q, id_user => $id } - this way user will be limited to records with $id value in id_user column.
\%Q
{ %Q, id_user => $id }
Within these security limitations user can do anything - select records with custom WHERE, GROUP BY, ORDER BY, LIMIT; set any values (allowed by table scheme, of course) for any fields on INSERT or UPDATE; etc. without any single line of your code - exclusively by using different CGI parameters.
WHERE
GROUP BY
ORDER BY
LIMIT
INSERT
UPDATE
Each CGI parameter belongs to one of three categories:
related to some table's field in db: fieldname, fieldname__funcname
fieldname
fieldname__funcname
control command: __commandname
__commandname
your app's parameter
It's recommended to name fields in db beginning with lowercase letter or underscore, and name your app's parameters beginning with Uppercase letter to avoid occasional clash with field name.
To protect some fields (like "balance" or "privileges") from uncontrolled access you can use simple convention: name these fields in db beginning with "_"; when receiving CGI params just delete all with names beginning with "_" - thus it won't be possible to access these fields from CGI params. This module doesn't know about these protected fields and handle them just as usual fields. So, you should later add needed keys for these fields into hash before calling methods to execute SQL query. This way all operations on these fields will be controlled by your app.
balance
privileges
You can use any other similar naming scheme which won't conflict with "CONVENTIONS" below - DBIx::SecureCGI will analyse db scheme (and cache it for speed) to detect which keys match field names.
CGI params may have several values. In hash, keys for such params must have ARRAYREF value. DBIx::SecureCGI support this only for keys which contain "__" (double underscore). Depending on used CGI framework you may need to convert existing CGI parameters into this format.
ARRAYREF
__
Error handling: all unknown keys will be silently ignored, all other errors (unable to detect key for joining table, field without "__funcname" have ARRAYREF value, unknown "__funcname" function, etc.) will return usual DBI errors (or throw exceptions when {RaiseError=>1}.
__funcname
{RaiseError=>1}
Each table's first field must be a PRIMARY KEY.
PRIMARY KEY
MOTIVATION: This module use simplified analyse of db scheme and suppose first field in every table is a PRIMARY KEY. To add support for complex primary keys or tables without primary keys we should first define how "ID" should handle them and how to automatically join such tables.
Two tables are always JOINed using field which must be PRIMARY KEY at least in one of them and have same name in both tables.
JOIN
So, don't name your primary key "id" if you plan to join this table with another - name it like "id_thistable" or "thistableId".
id
id_thistable
thistableId
If both tables have field corresponding to PRIMARY KEY in other table, then key field of right table (in order defined when you make array of tables in first param of method) will be used.
If more than two tables JOINed, then each table starting from second one will try to join to each of the previous tables (starting at first table) until it find table with suitable field. If it wasn't found DBI error will be returned.
MOTIVATION: Let this module automatically join tables.
Field names must not contain "__" (two adjoined underscore).
MOTIVATION: Distinguish special commands for this module from field names. Also, some methods sometimes create aliases for fields and their names begins with "__".
Hash with CGI params may contain several values (as ARRAYREF) only for key names containing "__" (keys unrelated to fields may have any values).
MOTIVATION: Allowing { field => \@values } introduce many ambiguities and in fact same as { field__eq => \@values }, so it's safer to deny it.
{ field => \@values }
{ field__eq => \@values }
Keys beginning with "__" are control commands. Supported commands are:
Define value for ORDER BY. Valid values are:
'field_name' 'field_name ASC' 'field_name DESC'
Multiple values can be given as ARRAYREF.
Define value for GROUP BY. Valid values are same as for __order.
Can have up to two numeric values (when it's ARRAYREF), set LIMIT.
If the value of __force key is true, then it's allowed to run "Update" and "Delete" with an empty WHERE. (This isn't a security feature, it's just for convenience to protect against occasional damage on database while playing with CGI parameters.)
Examples:
my @rows = $dbh->Select('Table', { age__ge => 20, age__lt => 30, __group => 'age', __order => ['age DESC', 'fname'], __limit => 5, }); $dbh->Delete('Table', { __force => 1 });
If the key contains a "__" then it is treated as applying function "funcname" to field "fieldname". If the there is no field with such name in database, this key is ignored. A valid key value - string/number or a reference to an array of strings/numbers. A list of available functions in this version is shown below.
funcname
Unless special behavior mentioned functions handle ARRAYREF value by applying itself to each value in array and joining with AND.
AND
Example:
{ html__like => ['%<P>%', '%<BR>%'] }
will be transformed in SQL to
html LIKE '%<P>%' AND html LIKE '%<BR>%'
Typically, such keys are used in WHERE, except when "funcname" begins with "set_" - such keys will be used in SET.
set_
SET
Other keys are treated as names of fields in database. If there is no field with such name, then key is ignored. A valid value for these keys - scalar.
{ name => 'Alex' }
name = 'Alex'
Typically, such keys are used in part SET, except for PRIMARY KEY field in "Update" - it will be used in WHERE.
DBIx::SecureCGI::DefineFunc( $name, '%s op %s' ); DBIx::SecureCGI::DefineFunc( $name, [ qr/regexp/, '%s op %s' ] ); DBIx::SecureCGI::DefineFunc( $name, sub { … } );
Define new or replace existing function applied to fields after "__" delimiter.
SQL expression for that function will be generated in different ways, depending on how you defined that function - using string, regexp+string or code:
$expr = sprintf '%s op %s', $field, $dbh->quote($value); $expr = $value =~ /regexp/ && sprintf '%s op %s', $field, $value; $expr = $code->($dbh, $field, $value);
If $expr will be false DBI error will be returned. Here is example of code implementation:
$expr
sub { my ($dbh, $f, $v) = @_; if (… value ok …) { return sprintf '…', $f, $dbh->quote($v); } return; # wrong value }
$SQL = $dbh->GetSQL( $table, \%Q ); $dbh->GetSQL( $table, \%Q, sub { my ($SQL) = @_; … } ); $SQL = $dbh->GetSQL( \@tables, \%Q ); $dbh->GetSQL( \@tables, \%Q, sub { my ($SQL) = @_; … } );
This is helper function which will analyse (cached) database scheme for given tables and generate elements of SQL query for given keys in %Q. You may use it to write own methods like "Select" or "Insert".
In %Q keys which doesn't match field names in $table / @tables are ignored.
$table
@tables
Names of tables and fields in all keys (except {Table} and {ID}) are already quoted, field names qualified with table name (so they're ready for inserting into SQL query). Values of {Table} and {ID} should be escaped with $dbh->quote_identifier() before using in SQL query.
{Table}
{ID}
$dbh->quote_identifier()
Returns HASHREF with keys:
HASHREF
{Table} first of the used tables {ID} name of PRIMARY KEY field in {Table} {Select} list of all field names which should be returned by 'SELECT *' excluding duplicated fields (when field with same name exist in many tables only field from first table will be returned); field names in {Select} are joined with "," {From} all tables joined using chosen JOIN type (INNER by default) {Set} string like "field=value, field2=value2" for all simple "fieldname" keys in %Q {Where} a-la {Set}, except fields joined using "AND" and added "field__function" fields; if there are no fields it will be set to string "1" {UpdateWhere} a-la {Where}, except it uses only "field__function" keys plus one PRIMARY KEY "fieldname" key (if it exists in %Q) {Order} string like "field1 ASC, field2 DESC" or empty string {Group} a-la {Order} {Limit} set to value of __limit if it contain one number {SelectLimit} set to value of __limit if it contain one number, or to values of __limit joined with "," if it contain two numbers
Example :
CREATE TABLE A ( id_a INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, i INT NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE B ( id_b INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, id_a INT NOT NULL, s VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL ); $SQL = $dbh->GetSQL(['A', 'B LEFT'], { id_a => 3, i => 10, s => 'str', id_b__gt => 5, __group => 'i', __order => ['s DESC', 'i'], __limit => [50,10], }); # now %$SQL have these values: # (backticks added by $dbh->quote_identifier() around all table/field # names omitted for readability) Table => 'A' ID => 'id_a' Select => 'A.id_a, A.i, B.id_b, B.s' From => 'A LEFT JOIN B ON (B.id_a = A.id_a)' Set => 'B.s = "str", A.id_a = 3, A.i = 10' Where => 'B.s = "str" AND A.id_a = 3 AND A.i = 10 AND B.id_b > 5' UpdateWhere => ' A.id_a = 3 AND B.id_b > 5' Group => 'A.i' Order => 'B.s DESC, A.i' Limit => '' SelectLimit => '50,10'
$newid = $dbh->Insert( $table, \%Q ); $dbh->Insert( $table, \%Q, sub { my ($newid, $dbh) = @_; … } );
Execute SQL query:
INSERT INTO {Table} SET {Set}
Return $dbh->{mysql_insertid} on success or undef on error.
$dbh->{mysql_insertid}
undef
It's strongly recommended to always use
$dbh->Insert( …, { %Q, …, primary_key_name=>undef }, … )
because if you didn't force primary_key field to be NULL in SQL (and thus use AUTO_INCREMENT value) then user may send CGI parameter to set it to -1 or 4294967295 and this will result in DoS because no more records can be added using AUTO_INCREMENT into this table.
primary_key
NULL
AUTO_INCREMENT
-1
4294967295
$rv = $dbh->InsertIgnore( $table, \%Q ); $dbh->InsertIgnore( $table, \%Q, sub { my ($rv, $dbh) = @_; … } );
INSERT IGNORE INTO {Table} SET {Set}
Return $rv (true on success or undef on error).
$rv
$rv = $dbh->Update( $table, \%Q ); $dbh->Update( $table, \%Q, sub { my ($rv, $dbh) = @_; … } );
UPDATE {Table} SET {Set} WHERE {UpdateWhere} [LIMIT {Limit}]
Uses in SET part all fields given as "fieldname", in WHERE part all fields given as "fieldname__funcname" plus PRIMARY KEY field if it was given as "fieldname".
Return $rv (amount of modified records on success or undef on error).
To use with empty WHERE part require {__force=>1} in %Q.
{__force=>1}
$rv = $dbh->Replace( $table, \%Q ); $dbh->Replace( $table, \%Q, sub { my ($rv, $dbh) = @_; … } );
REPLACE INTO {Table} SET {Set}
Uses in SET part all fields given as "fieldname".
$rv = $dbh->Delete( $table, \%Q ); $dbh->Delete( $table, \%Q, sub { my ($rv, $dbh) = @_; … } ); $rv = $dbh->Delete( \@tables, \%Q ); $dbh->Delete( \@tables, \%Q, sub { my ($rv, $dbh) = @_; … } ); $rv = $dbh->Delete( undef, \%Q ); $dbh->Delete( undef, \%Q, sub { my ($rv, $dbh) = @_; … } );
DELETE FROM {Table} WHERE {Where} [LIMIT {Limit}]
Delete records from $table or (one-by-one) from each table in @tables. If undef given, then delete records from ALL tables (except TEMPORARY) which have ALL fields mentioned in %Q.
TEMPORARY
Return $rv (amount of deleted records or undef on error). If used to delete records from more than one table - return $rv for last table. If error happens it will be immediately returned, so some tables may not be processed in this case.
$id = $dbh->ID( $table, \%Q ); @id = $dbh->ID( $table, \%Q ); $dbh->ID( $table, \%Q, sub { my (@id) = @_; … } ); $id = $dbh->ID( \@tables, \%Q ); @id = $dbh->ID( \@tables, \%Q ); $dbh->ID( \@tables, \%Q, sub { my (@id) = @_; … } );
Return result of executing this SQL query using "Col":
SELECT {ID} FROM {From} WHERE {Where} [ORDER BY {Order}] [LIMIT {SelectLimit}]
$count = $dbh->Count( $table, \%Q ); $dbh->Count( $table, \%Q, sub { my ($count) = @_; … } ); $count = $dbh->Count( \@tables, \%Q ); $dbh->Count( \@tables, \%Q, sub { my ($count) = @_; … } );
SELECT count(*) __count FROM {From} WHERE {Where}
$row = $dbh->Select( $table, \%Q ); @rows = $dbh->Select( $table, \%Q ); $dbh->Select( $table, \%Q, sub { my (@rows) = @_; … } ); $row = $dbh->Select( \@tables, \%Q ); @rows = $dbh->Select( \@tables, \%Q ); $dbh->Select( \@tables, \%Q, sub { my (@rows) = @_; … } );
Execute one of these SQL queries (depending on using __group command):
__group
SELECT * FROM {From} WHERE {Where} [ORDER BY {Order}] [LIMIT {SelectLimit}] SELECT *, count(*) __count FROM {From} WHERE {Where} GROUP BY {Group} [ORDER BY {Order}] [LIMIT {SelectLimit}]
Instead of SELECT * it uses enumeration of all fields qualified using table name; if same field found in several tables it's included only one - from first table having that field.
SELECT *
In @tables you can append ' LEFT' or ' INNER' to table name to choose JOIN variant (by default INNER JOIN will be used):
' LEFT'
' INNER'
INNER JOIN
$dbh->Select(['TableA', 'TableB LEFT', 'TableC'], …)
Return result of executing SQL query using "All" when called in list context or "Row" when called in scalar context.
@rows = $dbh->All( $sql, @bind ) $dbh->All( $sql, @bind, sub { my (@rows) = @_; … } );
Shortcut for this ugly but very useful snippet:
@{ $dbh->selectall_arrayref($sql, {Slice=>{}}, @bind) }
$row = $dbh->Row( $sql, @bind ); $dbh->Row( $sql, @bind, sub { my ($row) = @_; … } );
Shortcut for:
$dbh->selectrow_hashref($sql, undef, @bind)
If you wonder why it exists, the answer is simple: it was added circa 2002, when there was no $dbh->selectrow_hashref() and now it continue to exists for compatibility and to complement "All" and "Col".
$dbh->selectrow_hashref()
$col = $dbh->Col( $sql, @bind ); @col = $dbh->Col( $sql, @bind ); $dbh->Col( $sql, @bind, sub { my (@col) = @_; … } );
$col = $dbh->selectcol_arrayref($sql, undef, @bind)->[0]; @col = @{ $dbh->selectcol_arrayref($sql, undef, @bind) };
$cache = $dbh->SecureCGICache(); $cache = $dbh->SecureCGICache( $new_cache );
Fetch (or set when $new_cache given) HASHREF with cached results of "DESC tablename" SQL queries for all tables used previous in any methods.
$new_cache
DESC tablename
You may need to reset cache (by using {} as $new_cache value) if you've changed scheme for tables already accessed by any method or if you changed current database.
{}
Also in some environments when many different $dbh used simultaneously, connected to same database (like in event-based environments) it may make sense to share same cache for all $dbh.
$dbh
$cache = $dbh->TableInfo( $table ); $dbh->TableInfo( $table, sub { my ($cache) = @_; … } ); $cache = $dbh->TableInfo( \@tables ); $dbh->TableInfo( \@tables, sub { my ($cache) = @_; … } );
Ensure "DESC tablename" for all $table / @tables is cached.
Return same as "SecureCGICache" on success or undef on error.
$desc = $dbh->ColumnInfo( $table ); $dbh->ColumnInfo( $table, sub { my ($desc) = @_; … } );
Ensure "DESC $table" is cached.
DESC $table
Return result of $dbh->All("DESC $table") on success or undef on error.
$dbh->All("DESC $table")
These functions can be added and replaced using "DefineFunc".
Functions which can be used in %Q as "fieldname_funcname":
fieldname_funcname
field = value field IS NULL field != value field IS NOT NULL field < value field > value field <= value field >= value
For functions eq or ne:
eq [] - NOT 1 ne [] - NOT 0 eq only undef - name IS NULL ne only undef - name IS NOT NULL eq without undef - name IN (...) ne without undef - (name IS NULL OR name NOT IN (...)) eq with undef - (name IS NULL OR name IN (...)) ne with undef - name NOT IN (...)
where
"[]" : name__func=>[] "only undef": name__func=>undef or name__func=>[undef] "without undef": name__func=>$defined or name__func=>[@defined] "with undef": name__func=>[@defined_and_not_defined]
field LIKE value field NOT LIKE value
field = DATE_ADD(NOW(), INTERVAL value) field != DATE_ADD(NOW(), INTERVAL value) field < DATE_ADD(NOW(), INTERVAL value) field > DATE_ADD(NOW(), INTERVAL value) field <= DATE_ADD(NOW(), INTERVAL value) field >= DATE_ADD(NOW(), INTERVAL value)
value must match:
/^-?\d+ (?:SECOND|MINUTE|HOUR|DAY|MONTH|YEAR)$/
field = field + value
When used in "Update" it will be in SET instead of WHERE. It doesn't make sense to use this function with "Insert", "InsertIgnore" or "Replace".
field = NOW() field = DATE_ADD(NOW(), INTERVAL value)
If it's value is (case-insensitive) string 'NOW' then it'll use NOW() else it will use DATE_ADD(…).
'NOW'
NOW()
DATE_ADD(…)
When used in "Insert", "InsertIgnore", "Update" and "Replace" it will be in SET.
Only MySQL supported.
It's impossible to change PRIMARY KEY using "Update" with:
{ id => $new_id, id__eq => $old_id }
because both "id" and "id__eq" will be in WHERE part:
id__eq
SET id = $new_id WHERE id = $new_id AND id = $old_id
and if we won't add 'id => $new_id' in WHERE part if we have 'id__eq' , then we'll have do use this
'id => $new_id'
'id__eq'
$dbh->Func($table, {%Q, id_user=>$S{id_user}, id_user__eq=>$S{id_user})
in all CGI requests to protect against attempt to read someone else's records or change own records's id_user field by using 'id_user' or 'id_user__eq' CGI params.
'id_user'
'id_user__eq'
Please report any bugs or feature requests through the issue tracker at https://github.com/powerman/perl-DBIx-SecureCGI/issues. You will be notified automatically of any progress on your issue.
This is open source software. The code repository is available for public review and contribution under the terms of the license. Feel free to fork the repository and submit pull requests.
https://github.com/powerman/perl-DBIx-SecureCGI
git clone https://github.com/powerman/perl-DBIx-SecureCGI.git
MetaCPAN Search
https://metacpan.org/search?q=DBIx-SecureCGI
CPAN Ratings
http://cpanratings.perl.org/dist/DBIx-SecureCGI
AnnoCPAN: Annotated CPAN documentation
http://annocpan.org/dist/DBIx-SecureCGI
CPAN Testers Matrix
http://matrix.cpantesters.org/?dist=DBIx-SecureCGI
CPANTS: A CPAN Testing Service (Kwalitee)
http://cpants.cpanauthors.org/dist/DBIx-SecureCGI
Alex Efros <powerman@cpan.org>
Nikita Savin <asdfgroup@gmail.com>
This software is Copyright (c) 2002-2014 by Alex Efros <powerman@cpan.org>.
This is free software, licensed under:
The MIT (X11) License
To install DBIx::SecureCGI, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.
cpanm
cpanm DBIx::SecureCGI
CPAN shell
perl -MCPAN -e shell install DBIx::SecureCGI
For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.