Cron - cron-like scheduler for Perl subroutines
use Schedule::Cron; # Subroutines to be called sub dispatcher { print "ID: ",shift,"\n"; print "Args: ","@_","\n"; } sub check_links { # do something... } # Create new object with default dispatcher my $cron = new Schedule::Cron(\&dispatcher); # Load a crontab file $cron->load_crontab("/var/spool/cron/perl"); # Add dynamically crontab entries $cron->add_entry("3 4 * * *",ROTATE => "apache","sendmail"); $cron->add_entry("0 11 * * Mon-Fri",\&check_links); # Run scheduler $cron->run(detach=>1);
This module provides a simple but complete cron like scheduler. I.e this module can be used for periodically executing Perl subroutines. The dates and parameters for the subroutines to be called are specified with a format known as crontab entry (see "METHODS", add_entry() and crontab(5))
add_entry()
The philosophy behind Schedule::Cron is to call subroutines periodically from within one single Perl program instead of letting cron trigger several (possibly different) Perl scripts. Everything under one roof. Furthermore, Schedule::Cron provides mechanism to create crontab entries dynamically, which isn't that easy with cron.
Schedule::Cron
cron
Schedule::Cron knows about all extensions (well, at least all extensions I'm aware of, i.e those of the so called "Vixie" cron) for crontab entries like ranges including 'steps', specification of month and days of the week by name, or coexistence of lists and ranges in the same field. It even supports a bit more (like lists and ranges with symbolic names).
Creates a new Cron object. $dispatcher is a reference to a subroutine, which will be called by default. $dispatcher will be invoked with the arguments parameter provided in the crontab entry if no other subroutine is specified. This can be either a single argument containing the argument parameter literally has string (default behavior) or a list of arguments when using the eval option described below.
Cron
$dispatcher
eval
The date specifications must be either provided via a crontab like file or added explicitly with add_entry() ("add_entry").
extra_args can be a hash or hash reference for additional arguments. The following parameters are recognized:
Load the crontab entries from <crontab>
Eval the argument parameter in a crontab entry before calling the subroutine (instead of literally calling the dispatcher with the argument parameter as string)
Don't fork when starting the scheduler. Instead, the jobs are executed within current process. In your executed jobs, you have full access to the global variables of your script and hence might influence other jobs running at a different time. This behaviour is fundamentally different to the 'fork' mode, where each jobs gets its own process and hence a copy of the process space, independent of each other job and the main process. This is due to the nature of the fork system call.
fork
Do not update status in $0. Set this if you don't want ps to reveal the internals of your application, including job argument lists. Default is 0 (update status).
Skip any pending jobs whose time has passed. This option is only useful in combination with nofork where a job might block the execution of the following jobs for quite some time. By default, any pending job is executed even if its scheduled execution time has already passed. With this option set to true all pending which would have been started in the meantime are skipped.
nofork
Catch any exception raised by a job. This is especially useful in combination with the nofork option to avoid stopping the main process when a job raises an exception (dies).
Call a subroutine after a job has been run. The first argument is the return value of the dispatched job, the reminding arguments are the arguments with which the dispatched job has been called.
Example:
my $cron = new Schedule::Cron(..., after_job => sub { my ($ret,@args) = @_; print "Return value: ",$ret," - job arguments: (",join ":",@args,")\n"; });
Install a logging subroutine. The given subroutine is called for several events during the lifetime of a job. This method is called with two arguments: A log level of 0 (info),1 (warning) or 2 (error) depending on the importance of the message and the message itself.
For example, you could use Log4perl (http://log4perl.sf.net) for logging purposes for example like in the following code snippet:
use Log::Log4perl; use Log::Log4perl::Level; my $log_method = sub { my ($level,$msg) = @_; my $DBG_MAP = { 0 => $INFO, 1 => $WARN, 2 => $ERROR }; my $logger = Log::Log4perl->get_logger("My::Package"); $logger->log($DBG_MAP->{$level},$msg); } my $cron = new Schedule::Cron(.... , log => $log_method);
Restricts logging to the specified severity level or below. Use 0 to have all messages generated, 1 for only warnings and errors and 2 for errors only. Default is 0 (all messages). A loglevel of -1 (debug) will include job argument lists (also in $0) in the job start message logged with a level of 0 or above. You may have security concerns with this. Unless you are debugging, use 0 or higher. A value larger than 2 will disable logging completely.
Although you can filter in your log routine, generating the messages can be expensive, for example if you pass arguments pointing to large hashes. Specifying a loglevel avoids formatting data that your routine would discard.
Cron::Schedule sets the process' name (i.e. $0) to contain some informative messages like when the next job executes or with which arguments a job is called. By default, the prefix for this labels is Schedule::Cron. With this option you can set it to something different. You can e.g. use $0 to include the original process name. You can inhibit this with the nostatus option, and prevent the argument display by setting loglevel to zero or higher.
$0
nostatus
loglevel
If specified, &hook will be called instead of sleep(), with the time to sleep in seconds as first argument and the Schedule::Cron object as second. This hook allows you to use select() instead of sleep, so that you can handle IO, for example job requests from a network connection.
e.g.
$cron->run( { sleep => \&sleep_hook, nofork => 1 } ); sub sleep_hook { my ($time, $cron) = @_; my ($rin, $win, $ein) = ('','',''); my ($rout, $wout, $eout); vec($rin, fileno(STDIN), 1) = 1; my ($nfound, $ttg) = select($rout=$rin, $wout=$win, $eout=$ein, $time); if ($nfound) { handle_io($rout, $wout, $eout); } return; }
Loads and parses the crontab file $file. The entries found in this file will be added to the current time table with $cron->add_entry.
$file
$cron->add_entry
The format of the file consists of cron commands containing of lines with at least 5 columns, whereas the first 5 columns specify the date. The rest of the line (i.e columns 6 and greater) contains the argument with which the dispatcher subroutine will be called. By default, the dispatcher will be called with one single string argument containing the rest of the line literally. Alternatively, if you call this method with the optional argument eval=>1 (you must then use the second format shown above), the rest of the line will be evaled before used as argument for the dispatcher.
eval=>1
For the format of the first 5 columns, please see "add_entry".
Blank lines and lines starting with a # will be ignored.
#
There's no way to specify another subroutine within the crontab file. All calls will be made to the dispatcher provided at construction time.
If you want to start up fresh, you should call $cron->clean_timetable() before.
$cron->clean_timetable()
Example of a crontab fiqw(le:)
# The following line runs on every Monday at 2:34 am 34 2 * * Mon "make_stats" # The next line should be best read in with an eval=>1 argument * * 1 1 * { NEW_YEAR => '1',HEADACHE => 'on' }
Adds a new entry to the list of scheduled cron jobs.
Time and Date specification
$timespec is the specification of the scheduled time in crontab format (crontab(5)) which contains five mandatory time and date fields and an optional 6th column. $timespec can be either a plain string, which contains a whitespace separated time and date specification. Alternatively, $timespec can be a reference to an array containing the five elements for the date fields.
$timespec
The time and date fields are (taken mostly from crontab(5), "Vixie" cron):
field values ===== ====== minute 0-59 hour 0-23 day of month 1-31 month 1-12 (or as names) day of week 0-7 (0 or 7 is Sunday, or as names) seconds 0-59 (optional) A field may be an asterisk (*), which always stands for ``first-last''. Ranges of numbers are allowed. Ranges are two numbers separated with a hyphen. The specified range is inclusive. For example, 8-11 for an ``hours'' entry specifies execution at hours 8, 9, 10 and 11. Lists are allowed. A list is a set of numbers (or ranges) separated by commas. Examples: ``1,2,5,9'', ``0-4,8-12''. Step values can be used in conjunction with ranges. Following a range with ``/<number>'' specifies skips of the numbers value through the range. For example, ``0-23/2'' can be used in the hours field to specify command execution every other hour (the alternative in the V7 standard is ``0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22''). Steps are also permitted after an asterisk, so if you want to say ``every two hours'', just use ``*/2''. Names can also be used for the ``month'' and ``day of week'' fields. Use the first three letters of the particular day or month (case doesn't matter). Note: The day of a command's execution can be specified by two fields -- day of month, and day of week. If both fields are restricted (ie, aren't *), the command will be run when either field matches the current time. For example, ``30 4 1,15 * 5'' would cause a command to be run at 4:30 am on the 1st and 15th of each month, plus every Friday
Examples:
"8 0 * * *" ==> 8 minutes after midnight, every day "5 11 * * Sat,Sun" ==> at 11:05 on each Saturday and Sunday "0-59/5 * * * *" ==> every five minutes "42 12 3 Feb Sat" ==> at 12:42 on 3rd of February and on each Saturday in February "32 11 * * * 0-30/2" ==> 11:32:00, 11:32:02, ... 11:32:30 every day
In addition, ranges or lists of names are allowed.
An optional sixth column can be used to specify the seconds within the minute. If not present, it is implicitely set to "0".
Command specification
The subroutine to be executed when the the $timespec matches can be specified in several ways.
First, if the optional arguments are lacking, the default dispatching subroutine provided at construction time will be called without arguments.
arguments
If the second parameter to this method is a reference to a subroutine, this subroutine will be used instead of the dispatcher.
Any additional parameters will be given as arguments to the subroutine to be executed. You can also specify a reference to an array instead of a list of parameters.
You can also use a named parameter list provided as an hashref. The named parameters recognized are:
Reference to subroutine to be executed
Reference to array containing arguments to be use when calling the subroutine
If true, use the evaled string provided with the arguments parameter. The evaluation will take place immediately (not when the subroutine is going to be called)
$cron->add_entry("* * * * *"); $cron->add_entry("* * * * *","doit"); $cron->add_entry("* * * * *",\&dispatch,"first",2,"third"); $cron->add_entry("* * * * *",{'subroutine' => \&dispatch, 'arguments' => [ "first",2,"third" ]}); $cron->add_entry("* * * * *",{'subroutine' => \&dispatch, 'arguments' => '[ "first",2,"third" ]', 'eval' => 1});
Return a list of cron entries. Each entry is a hash reference of the following form:
$entry = { time => $timespec, dispatch => $dispatcher, args => $args_ref }
Here $timespec is the specified time in crontab format as provided to add_entry, $dispatcher is a reference to the dispatcher for this entry and $args_ref is a reference to an array holding additional arguments (which can be an empty array reference). For further explanation of this arguments refer to the documentation of the method add_entry.
add_entry
$args_ref
The order index of each entry can be used within update_entry, get_entry and delete_entry. But be aware, when you are deleting an entry, that you have to refetch the list, since the order will have changed.
update_entry
get_entry
delete_entry
Note that these entries are returned by value and were opbtained from the internal list by a deep copy. I.e. you are free to modify it, but this won't influence the original entries. Instead use update_entry if you need to modify an exisiting crontab entry.
Get a single entry. $entry is either a hashref with the possible keys time, dispatch and args (see list_entries()) or undef if no entry with the given index $idx exists.
$entry
time
dispatch
args
list_entries()
$idx
Delete the entry at index $idx. Returns the deleted entry on success, undef otherwise.
undef
Updates the entry with index $idx. $entry is a hash ref as descibed in list_entries() and must contain at least a value $entry->{time}. If no $entry->{dispatcher} is given, then the default dispatcher is used. This method returns the old entry on success, undef otherwise.
$entry->{time}
$entry->{dispatcher}
This method starts the scheduler.
When called without options, this method will never return and executes the scheduled subroutine calls as needed.
Alternatively, you can detach the main scheduler loop from the current process (daemon mode). In this case, the pid of the forked scheduler process will be returned.
The options parameter specifies the running mode of Schedule::Cron. It can be either a plain list which will be interpreted as a hash or it can be a reference to a hash. The following named parameters (keys of the provided hash) are recognized:
options
If set to a true value the scheduler process is detached from the current process (UNIX only).
If running in daemon mode, name the optional file, in which the process id of the scheduler process should be written. By default, no PID File will be created.
See new() for a description of these configuration parameters, which can be provided here as well. Note, that the options given here overrides those of the constructor.
new()
# Start scheduler, detach from current process and # write the PID of the forked scheduler to the # specified file $cron->run(detach=>1,pid_file=>"/var/run/scheduler.pid"); # Start scheduler and wait forever. $cron->run();
Remove all scheduled entries
Check, whether the given ID is already registered in the timetable. A ID is the first argument in the argument parameter of the a crontab entry.
Returns (one of) the index in the timetable (can be 0, too) if the ID could be found or undef otherwise.
$cron->add_entry("* * * * *","ROTATE"); . . defined($cron->check_entry("ROTATE")) || die "No ROTATE entry !"
Well, this is mostly an internal method, but it might be useful on its own.
The purpose of this method is to calculate the next execution time from a specified crontab entry
Parameters:
The crontab entry as specified in "add_entry"
The reference time for which the next time should be searched which matches $cron_entry. By default, take the current time
$cron_entry
This method returns the number of epoch-seconds of the next matched date for $cron_entry.
Since I suspect, that this calculation of the next execution time might fail in some circumstances (bugs are lurking everywhere ;-) an additional interactive method bug() is provided for checking crontab entries against your expected output. Refer to the top-level README for additional usage information for this method.
bug()
Daylight saving occurs typically twice a year: In the first switch, one hour is skipped. Any job which which triggers in this skipped hour will be fired in the next hour. So, when the DST switch goes from 2:00 to 3:00 a job which is scheduled for 2:43 will be executed at 3:43.
For the reverse backwards switch later in the year, the behaviour is undefined. Two possible behaviours can occur: For jobs triggered in short intervals, where the next execution time would fire in the extra hour as well, the job could be executed again or skipped in this extra hour. Currently, running Schedule::Cron in MET would skip the extra job, in PST8PDT it would execute a second time. The reason is the way how Time::ParseDate calculates epoch times for dates given like 02:50:00 2009/10/25. Should it return the seconds since 1970 for this time happening 'first', or for this time in the extra hour ? As it turns out, Time::ParseDate returns the epoch time of the first occurence for PST8PDT and for MET it returns the second occurence. Unfortunately, there is no way to specify which entry Time::ParseDate should pick (until now). Of course, after all, this is obviously not Time::ParseDate's fault, since a simple date specification within the DST backswitch period is ambigious. However, it would be nice if the parsing behaviour of Time::ParseDate would be consistent across time zones (a ticket has be raised for fixing this). Then Schedule::Cron's behaviour within a DST backward switch would be consistent as well.
MET
PST8PDT
02:50:00 2009/10/25
Since changing the internal algorithm which worked now for over ten years would be too risky and I don't see any simple solution for this right now, it is likely that this undefined behaviour will exist for some time. Maybe some hero is coming along and will fix this, but this is probably not me ;-)
Sorry for that.
Copyright 1999-2011 Roland Huss.
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
... roland
To install Schedule::Cron, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.
cpanm
cpanm Schedule::Cron
CPAN shell
perl -MCPAN -e shell install Schedule::Cron
For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.