Muldis::D::Dialect::HDMD_Perl_Tiny - How to format Perl Hosted Data Muldis D
This document is Muldis::D::Dialect::HDMD_Perl_Tiny version 0.22.1.
This document is part of the Muldis D language specification, whose root document is Muldis::D; you should read that root document before you read this one, which provides subservient details.
This document outlines the grammar of the Hosted Data Muldis D dialect named HDMD_Perl_Tiny.
The fully-qualified name of this Muldis D dialect,
in combination with the base language spec it is bundled with,
is Muldis_D:'http://muldis.com':'N.N.N':'HDMD_Perl_Tiny' (when the bundled base language version is substituted for the N.N.N).
This dialect is designed to exactly match the Muldis D system catalog (the possible representation of Muldis D code that is visible to or updateable by Muldis D programs at runtime) as to what non-critical meta-data it explicitly stores; so code in the HDMD_Perl_Tiny dialect should be round-trippable with the system catalog with the result maintaining all the details that were started with.
Since it matches the system catalog,
this dialect should be able to exactly represent all possible Muldis D base language code (and probably all extensions too),
rather than a subset of it.
This dialect similarly matches the PTMD_Tiny dialect,
which is documented at Muldis::D::Dialect::PTMD_Tiny.
This dialect is designed to be as small as possible while meeting the above criteria,
and is designed such that a parser that handles all of this dialect can be tiny,
hence the dialect's Tiny name.
Likewise,
a code generator for this dialect from the system catalog can be tiny.
The HDMD_Perl_Tiny dialect is defined to be hosted in either Perl 5 or Perl 6,
and as composed of just|mainly core Perl types.
Where Perl 5 and 6 differ,
the terminology and examples in this documentation specifically uses Perl 6 terminology and examples by default,
and adds analogous Perl 5 terminology as necessary.
Fundamentally, the various Muldis D scalar and collection types are represented by their equivalent Perl 5 or 6 native scalar and collection types. But since Muldis D is more strongly typed, or at least differently typed, than Perl, each Muldis D literal is represented by a Perl Array, whose elements include both the payload Perl literal plus explicit meta-data for how to interpret that Perl literal for mapping to Muldis D.
This document mainly just specifies a way to represent Muldis D values as Perl values. Since the fundamental way to do data definition in Muldis D is to update catalog (information schema) variables, aka the Muldis D meta-model, which are themselves just data, then this document only needs to tell you how to define values to put in the catalog variables. Defining data types or routines are done by defining catalog values describing them.
See instead Muldis::D::Core for how to actually define the tuples and relations that define your data types and routines and queries and so forth.
For the present, this document will use the term PHMD (Perl Hosted Muldis D) for brevity when referring to aspects of the Perl-Tiny dialect.
A PHMD value is composed mainly of a tree of Perl Array,
such that each Array is a tree node.
The elements of each node/Array include typically a native Perl payload value,
which may be a PHMD value itself,
plus meta-data for that payload,
that meta-data typically including the analogy of a class name,
were PHMD nodes instead represented by a tree of PHMD-specific objects.
As an exception,
one kind of PHMD node is not a Perl Array,
but just a Perl Str; if you see a Str where you expect a PHMD node,
assume it is a Name node; this exception is for huffmanizing.
It should be emphasized that no Perl undefined values are allowed anywhere in a PHMD value; you must use only defined values instead.
This documentation also assumes that only defined values are used,
and that supplying a Perl undef will result in an error.
If you genuinely want to represent that a value is unknown or inapplicable,
then the Nothing node type is provided as one way you can explicitly say so.
This policy may be reconsidered.
A full or partial Muldis D bootloader routine consists of a language name declaration plus a series of 0..N procedure calls (specifically procedures with no subject-to-update parameters).
A bootloader is formatted as a PHMD node having 1..N elements,
where the first element is a PHMD node defining a Muldis D "language name",
and each remaining element is a PHMD node defining a "bootloader procedure call".
Examples:
[
[ 'Muldis_D', 'http://muldis.com', '1.2.3', 'HDMD_Perl_Tiny', {} ],
[ 'boot_call', 'sys.std.Core.Cat.create_public_relvar', { ... } ],
]
As per the VERSIONING pod section of Muldis::D, code written in Muldis D must start by declaring the fully-qualified Muldis D language name it is written in. The HDMD_Perl_Tiny dialect formats this name as a PHMD node having the following 5 elements:
Str value Muldis_D.Str as per the payload of a Text node; typically the Perl Str value http://muldis.com.Str as per the payload of a Text node; typically a Perl Str value like 1.2.3.Str value HDMD_Perl_Tiny.Hash|Mapping as per the payload of a Tuple node.Examples:
[ 'Muldis_D', 'http://muldis.com', '1.2.3', 'HDMD_Perl_Tiny', {} ]
More specifically, a language name PHMD node like the above would generally be the input for a Perl Hosted Muldis D implementating virtual machine's configuration step, which provides a context for subsequent feeding of other PHMD trees to said virtual machine.
This PHMD node specifies one statement of a Muldis D bootloader routine which invokes a procedure, such statements being what the entire body of a bootloader is composed of. A bootloader procedure call is formatted as a PHMD node having the following 3 elements:
Str value boot_call.Array|Seq|Str as per the payload of a NameChain PHMD node.Hash|Mapping as per the payload of a Tuple PHMD node.Examples
[ 'boot_call', 'sys.std.Core.Cat.create_public_relvar', { ... } ]
This node type represents a scalar subtype value. It has 4 elements:
Str value Scalar.Array|Seq|Str as per the payload of a NameChain PHMD node.Str as per a Name PHMD node.Hash|Mapping as per the payload of a Tuple PHMD node.This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.std.Core.Type.Scalar subtype value whose declared type is specified by the scalar type name (second node element) and whose attributes are defined by the payload. The Scalar PHMD node type can only be used for scalar types that have at least 1 possrep, and the payload is interpreted specifically as attributes of the declared type's possrep which is specified by the possrep name (third node element). Each key+value pair of the payload defines a named possrep attribute of the new scalar; the pair's key and value are, respectively, a Perl Str that specifies the possrep attribute name, and a PHMD node that specifies the possrep attribute value. (Note that most scalar types have at least 1 possrep; the only ones that don't are either union types of types having possreps, or they are core system-defined types, and those all have their own dedicated syntax for literals.)
Examples:
[ 'Scalar', 'sys.std.Rational.Type.Rat', 'float', {
'mantissa' => [ 'Int', 'perl_int', 45207196 ],
'radix' => [ 'Int', 'perl_int', 10 ],
'exponent' => [ 'Int', 'perl_int', 37 ],
} ]
[ 'Scalar', 'fed.lib.the_db.WeekDay', 'name', {
'' => [ 'Text', 'monday' ],
} ]
[ 'Scalar', 'fed.lib.the_db.WeekDay', 'number', {
'' => [ 'Int', 'perl_int', 5 ],
} ]
This node type represents a logical boolean value. It has 3 elements:
Str value Bool.md_enum, perl_bool, any_perl.This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.std.Core.Type.Bool value as follows:
md_enum, then the payload must be a Perl Str having one of the values false, true. This format specifically is what the Plain Text Muldis D grammar uses, and is the result of parsing it.perl_bool, then: Under Perl 6, the payload must be a Perl Bool, and so Bool::False and Bool::True are mapped directly. Under Perl 5, the payload must be just the specific result of a Perl 5 logical expression, such as (1 == 0) or (1 == 1), and nothing else; said values are probably the empty string and number 1, respectively.any_perl, then the payload may be any Perl value, and it is simply coerced into a boolean context as per Perl's own semantics; typically for built-in scalars, the empty string and number zero are considered false, and everything else true.Examples:
[ 'Bool', 'md_enum', 'true' ]
[ 'Bool', 'perl_bool', Bool::False ] # Perl 6 only
[ 'Bool', 'perl_bool', (1 == 0) ]
[ 'Bool', 'perl_any', 42 ]
This node type represents an integer value. It has 3-4 elements:
Str value Int.md_int, perl_int, any_perl.md_int; the max-col-val.This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.std.Core.Type.Int value as follows:
md_int, then the max-col-val must be a Perl Str composed of a single [1-9A-Z] character, and the payload must be a Perl Str of the format 0 or \-?<[1-9A-Z]><[0-9A-Z]>*. This format specifically is what the Plain Text Muldis D grammar uses, and is the result of parsing it. The payload is interpreted as a base-N integer where N might be between 2 and 36, and the given max-col-val says which possible value of N to use. Assuming all column values are between zero and N-minus-one, the max-col-val contains that N-minus-one. So to specify, eg, bases [2,8,10,16], use max-col-val of [1,7,9,F].perl_int, then: Under Perl 6, the payload must be a Perl Int, which is mapped directly. Under Perl 5, the payload must be just a canonical integer value according to Perl.any_perl, then the payload may be any Perl value, and it is simply coerced into an integer context as per Perl's own semantics, meaning base-10 where applicable. If something doesn't look numeric, it becomes zero; if something looks like a fractional number, it is truncated.Examples:
[ 'Int', 'md_int', '1', '11001001' ] # binary
[ 'Int', 'md_int', '7', '0' ] # octal
[ 'Int', 'md_int', '7', '644' ] # octal
[ 'Int', 'md_int', '9', '-34' ] # decimal
[ 'Int', 'md_int', '9', '42' ] # decimal
[ 'Int', 'md_int', 'F', 'DEADBEEF' ] # hexadecimal
[ 'Int', 'md_int', 'Z', '-HELLOWORLD' ] # base-36
[ 'Int', 'perl_int', 21 ]
[ 'Int', 'any_perl', ' 171 ' ]
[ 'Int', 'md_int', '3', '301' ] # base-4
[ 'Int', 'perl_int', 0 ]
[ 'Int', 'md_int', 'B', 'A09B' ] # base-12
[ 'Int', 'perl_int', 101 ]
This node type represents a bit string. It has 3-4 elements:
Str value Blob.md_blob, perl_blob.md_blob; the max-col-val.This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.std.Core.Type.Blob value as follows:
md_blob, then the max-col-val must be a Perl Str composed of a single [137F] character, and the payload must be a Perl Str of the format <[0-9A-F]>*. This format specifically is what the Plain Text Muldis D grammar uses, and is the result of parsing it. Each column of the payload specifies a sequence of one of [1,2,3,4] bits, depending on whether max-col-val is [1,3,7,F].perl_blob, then: Under Perl 6, the payload must be a Perl Blob, which is mapped directly. Under Perl 5, the payload must be just a canonical Perl bit string, which is a scalar whose utf-8 flag is false.Examples:
[ 'Blob', 'md_blob', '1', '00101110100010' ] # binary
[ 'Blob', 'md_blob', '3', '' ]
[ 'Blob', 'md_blob', 'F', 'A705E' ] # hexadecimal
[ 'Blob', 'perl_blob', (pack 'H2', 'P') ]
[ 'Blob', 'md_blob', '7', '523504376' ]
[ 'Blob', 'perl_blob', (pack 'H2', 'Z') ]
This node type represents a character string. It has 2 elements:
Str value Text.This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.std.Core.Type.Text value by directly mapping the payload. Note that, while Plain Text Muldis D may contain a few escape sequences, those would be replaced with what they represent prior to making a PHMD node. Under Perl 6, the payload must be a Perl Str, which is mapped directly. Under Perl 5, the payload must be just a canonical Perl character string, which is a scalar whose utf-8 flag is true, or that doesn't contain any octets with a 1-valued highest bit.
Examples:
[ 'Text', 'Ceres' ]
[ 'Text', 'サンプル' ] # note: Perl 5 needs "use utf8;" pragma to work
[ 'Text', '' ]
[ 'Text', 'Perl' ]
This node type represents a tuple value. It has 2 elements:
Str value Tuple.Hash|Mapping value.This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.std.Core.Type.Tuple value whose attributes are defined by the payload. Each key+value pair of the payload defines a named attribute of the new tuple; the pair's key and value are, respectively, a Perl Str that specifies the attribute name, and a PHMD node that specifies the attribute value.
Examples:
[ 'Tuple', {} ]
[ 'Tuple', {
'login_name' => [ 'Text', 'hartmark' ],
'login_pass' => [ 'Text', 'letmein' ],
'is_special' => [ 'Bool', 'md_enum', 'true' ],
} ]
[ 'Tuple', {
'name' => [ 'Text', 'Michelle' ],
'age' => [ 'Int', 'perl_int', 17 ],
} ]
This node type represents a relation value. It has 2-3 elements:
Str value Relation.Array|Seq value.Array|Seq|Set|KeySet of Str|Hash|Mapping value; only when the node has 3 elements, a Perl Array|Seq of Array|Seq value.This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.std.Core.Type.Relation value as follows:
Str, or they must all be Hash|Mapping, but not both kinds in the same payload. Iff a payload's elements are each Str, then the payload defines the attribute names of a relation having zero tuples; each element must be as per the payload of a Name-defining PHMD node. Iff a payload's elements are each Hash|Mapping, then each element of the payload defines a tuple of the new relation; each element is as per the payload of a tuple-defining PHMD node; every tuple-defining element of the payload must be of the same degree and have the same attribute names as its sibling elements; these are the degree and attribute names of the relation as a whole, which is its heading for the current purposes.Examples:
[ 'Relation', [] ]
[ 'Relation', [ {}, ] ]
[ 'Relation', [ 'x', 'y', 'z', ] ]
[ 'Relation', [
{
'login_name' => [ 'Text', 'hartmark' ],
'login_pass' => [ 'Text', 'letmein' ],
'is_special' => [ 'Bool', 'md_enum', 'true' ],
},
] ]
[ 'Relation', [ 'name', 'age', ], [
[ [ 'Text', 'Michelle' ], [ 'Int', 'perl_int', 17 ], ],
] ]
This node type represents a set value. It has 2 elements:
Str value Set.Array|Seq|Set|KeySet value.This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.std.Core.Type.Set value whose elements are defined by the payload. Each element of the payload defines a unary tuple of the new set; each element is a PHMD node that defines the value attribute of the tuple.
Examples:
[ 'Set', [
[ 'Text', 'Canada' ],
[ 'Text', 'Spain' ],
[ 'Text', 'Jordan' ],
[ 'Text', 'Thailand' ],
] ]
[ 'Set', [
[ 'Int', 'perl_int', 3 ],
[ 'Int', 'perl_int', 16 ],
[ 'Int', 'perl_int', 85 ],
] ]
This node type represents a 'nothing' value; it is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.std.Core.Type.Nothing. It has 1 element, which is the Perl Str value Nothing.
Examples:
[ 'Nothing' ]
This node type represents a 'single' value. It has 2 elements:
Str value Single.This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.std.Core.Type.Single value whose element is defined by the payload. The payload is a PHMD node that defines the value attribute of the single tuple of the new 'single'.
Examples:
[ 'Single', [ 'Text', '2003.07.24' ] ]
This node type represents a sequence value. It has 2 elements:
Str value Array.Array|Seq value.This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.std.Core.Type.Array value whose elements are defined by the payload. Each element of the payload defines a binary tuple of the new sequence; the element value is a PHMD node that defines the value attribute of the tuple, and the element index is used as the index attribute of the tuple.
Examples:
[ 'Array', [
[ 'Text', 'Alphonse' ],
[ 'Text', 'Edward' ],
[ 'Text', 'Winry' ],
] ]
[ 'Array', [
[ 'Int', 'perl_int', 57 ],
[ 'Int', 'perl_int', 45 ],
[ 'Int', 'perl_int', 63 ],
[ 'Int', 'perl_int', 61 ],
] ]
This node type represents a bag value. It has 3 elements:
Str value Bag.aoa_counted, array_repeated, perl_bag (p6).Bag|KeyBag value or Array|Seq or Array|Seq of Array|Seq.This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.std.Core.Type.Bag value whose elements are defined by the payload. The payload is interpreted as follows:
aoa_counted, then the payload must be a Perl Array|Seq, and each element of the payload defines a binary tuple of the new bag; the element is a 2-element Array|Seq, and those 2 elements, by index order, are a PHMD node that defines the value attribute of the tuple, and a 2-3-element Array|Seq (which is the same as an 'Int' PHMD node minus the first constant element) that defines the count attribute of the tuple; the count must be a positive integer.array_repeated, then the payload must be a Perl Array|Seq, and each element of the payload contributes to a binary tuple of the new bag; the element value is a PHMD node that defines the value attribute of the tuple. The bag has 1 tuple for every distinct (after format normalization) element value in the payload, and the count attribute of that tuple says how many instances of said element were in the payload.perl_bag, then the payload must be a Perl 6 (there is no Perl 5 analogy) Bag|KeyBag value; the payload elements are PHMD nodes corresponding to the value attribute of the new bag's tuples, and the mapping is as you should expect.Examples:
[ 'Bag', 'aoa_counted', [
[
[ 'Text', 'Apple' ],
[ 'md_int', '9', '500' ],
],
[
[ 'Text', 'Orange' ],
[ 'perl_int', 300 ],
],
[
[ 'Text', 'Banana' ],
[ 'perl_int', 400 ],
],
] ]
[ 'Bag', 'array_repeated', [
[ 'Text', 'Foo' ],
[ 'Text', 'Quux' ],
[ 'Text', 'Foo' ],
[ 'Text', 'Bar' ],
[ 'Text', 'Baz' ],
[ 'Text', 'Baz' ],
] ]
Every PHMD node type for a generic scalar or nonscalar literal has a corresponding extra PHMD node type for a quasi- literal. The corresponding extra quasi- node types are exactly the same in format to the non-quasi types but that for each one of them, the value of its first element has the Perl Str value Quasi prepended. So PHMD nodes whose first elements each are [QuasiScalar, QuasiTuple, QuasiRelation, QuasiSet, QuasiNothing, QuasiSingle, QuasiArray, QuasiBag] are interpreted as Muldis D [sys.std.Core.Type.QuasiScalar, sys.std.Core.Type.QuasiTuple, sys.std.Core.Type.QuasiRelation, sys.std.Core.Type.QuasiSet, sys.std.Core.Type.QuasiNothing, sys.std.Core.Type.QuasiSingle, sys.std.Core.Type.QuasiArray, sys.std.Core.Type.QuasiBag] values, respectively.
This node type represents a canonical short name for any kind of DBMS entity when declaring it; it is a character string type, that is disjoint from Text.
Unlike every other PHMD node type, a canonical short name is simply a Perl Str value, which is its payload; it is not encapsulated in a Perl Array; this difference is done for huffmanizing reasons, since a short name is probably the most often used node type, and moreover this change allows for simplifying other parts of the grammar.
This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.std.Core.Type.Cat.Name value by directly mapping itself / the payload. Note that, while Plain Text Muldis D may contain a few escape sequences, those would be replaced with what they represent prior to making a PHMD node. The node / its payload must be as per the payload of a Text PHMD node.
Examples:
'login_pass'
'First Name'
This node type represents a canonical long name for invoking a DBMS entity in some contexts; it is conceptually a sequence of entity short names. It has 2 elements:
Str value NameChain.Array|Seq value or Str (char-mode scalar) value.This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.std.Core.Type.Cat.NameChain value as follows:
Array|Seq, then it must have at least 2 elements, and every element must be a valid payload for a Name PHMD node (that is, any Perl character string). Each element of the payload, in order, defines an element of the array possrep's attribute of a NameChain.Str, then it must be formatted as a catenation (using period (.) separators) of at least 2 parts, where each part is escaped such that backslashes, single-quotes, and periods are escaped as \b, \q and \p respectively; it defines the flat possrep's attribute of a NameChain.Examples:
[ 'NameChain', ['fed','data','the_db','gene','sorted_person_name'] ]
[ 'NameChain', 'fed.data.the_db.stats.samples_by_order' ]
This node type represents a canonical long name for declaring a DBMS entity in N-depth contexts; it is conceptually a sequence of entity short names. It has 2 elements:
Str value DeclNameChain.Array|Seq value or Str (char-mode scalar) value.This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.std.Core.Type.Cat.DeclNameChain value as follows:
Array|Seq, then every element must be a valid payload for a Name PHMD node (that is, any Perl character string). Each element of the payload, in order, defines an element of the array possrep's attribute of a DeclNameChain.Str, then it must be formatted as a catenation of 0..N parts (starting with a period (.) and each part ending with a period), where each part is escaped such that backslashes, single-quotes, and periods are escaped as \b, \q and \p respectively; it defines the flat possrep's attribute of a DeclNameChain.Examples:
[ 'DeclNameChain', ['gene','sorted_person_name'] ]
[ 'DeclNameChain', '.stats.samples_by_order.' ]
This node type represents the text of a Muldis D code comment; it is a character string type, that is disjoint from both Text and Name. It has 2 elements:
Str value Comment.This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.std.Core.Type.Cat.Comment value by directly mapping the payload. Note that, while Plain Text Muldis D may contain a few escape sequences, those would be replaced with what they represent prior to making a PHMD node. The payload must be as per the payload of a Text PHMD node.
Examples:
[ 'Comment', 'This does something.' ]
This node type represents an order-determination. It has 3 elements:
Str value Order.md_enum, perl_order.This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.std.Core.Type.Cat.Order value as follows:
md_enum, then the payload must be a Perl Str having one of the values increase, same, decrease, -1, 0, 1 (note that each of the 3 Cat.Order values has 2 possreps that are directly expressable here). This format specifically is what the Plain Text Muldis D grammar uses, and is the result of parsing it.perl_order, then: Under Perl 6, the payload must be a Perl Order, and so Order::Increase and Order::Same and Order::Decrease are mapped directly. Under Perl 5, the payload must be just the specific result of a Perl 5 order-determining expression, such as (1 <=> 2) or (1 <=> 1) or (2 <=> 1), and nothing else; said values are probably the numbers [-1, 0, 1], respectively.Examples:
[ 'Order', 'md_enum', 'same' ]
[ 'Order', 'perl_order', Order::Increase ] # Perl 6 only
[ 'Order', 'perl_order', (2 <=> 1) ]
This node type represents a rational value. It has 3-4 elements:
Str value Rat.md_radix, md_ratio, md_float, perl_rat, perl_float, perl_int_ratio, perl_int_float, any_perl, any_perl_ratio, any_perl_float.md_radix|md_ratio|md_float; the max-col-val.This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.std.Rational.Type.Rat value as follows:
md_radix, then the max-col-val must be a Perl Str composed of a single [1-9A-Z] character, and the payload must be a Perl Str of the format 0\.?<[0-9A-Z]>* or \-?<[1-9A-Z]><[0-9A-Z]>*\.?<[0-9A-Z]>*. This format specifically is what the Plain Text Muldis D grammar uses ('radix' option), and is the result of parsing it. The payload is interpreted as a base-N rational where N might be between 2 and 36, and the given max-col-val says which possible value of N to use. Assuming all column values are between zero and N-minus-one, the max-col-val contains that N-minus-one. So to specify, eg, bases [2,8,10,16], use max-col-val of [1,7,9,F].md_ratio, then the max-col-val must be as per md_radix, and the payload must be a 2-element Array|Seq where the first element is a Perl Str of the format 0 or \-?<[1-9A-Z]><[0-9A-Z]>* (an integer) and the second element is a Perl Str of the format <[1-9A-Z]><[0-9A-Z]>* (a positive integer). The payload is interpreted as per md_radix but that its value comes from the first element (a numerator) divided by the second (a denominator). Note that while the md_radix format is limited to representing rationals whose denominator is a power of some N between 2 and 36, the md_ratio format can represent those with any N that is greater than or equal to 2, such as 1/43.md_float, then the max-col-val must be as per md_radix, and the payload must be a 3-element Array|Seq where the first element is a Perl Str of the format 0 or \-?<[1-9A-Z]><[0-9A-Z]>* (an integer) and the second element is a Perl Str of the format <[2-9A-Z]><[0-9A-Z]>* (an integer greater than 1) and the third element is as per the first (an integer). The payload is interpreted as per md_radix but that its value comes from the first element (a mantissa) multiplied by the result of the second element (a radix) taken to the power of the third (an exponent). Note that while the md_ratio format can represent all rationals, the very large or very small ones would be quite verbose written in that format, and so the md_float format allows writing those values in a more terse fashion, such as 1.56*10^37.perl_rat, then: Under Perl 6, the payload must be a Perl Rat (or Num), which is mapped directly. Under Perl 5, the payload must be just a canonical rational or numeric value according to Perl.perl_float, then: Under Perl 6, the payload must be a Perl Float (or Num), which is mapped directly. Under Perl 5, the payload must be just a canonical floating-point or numeric value according to Perl.perl_int_ratio, then the payload must a 2-element Array|Seq where each element must be a canonical integer (or positive integer, respectively) to Perl as per defining a perl_int; the rational's value is interpreted as the first element divided by the second.perl_int_float, then the payload must a 3-element Array|Seq where each element must be a canonical integer (or integer greater than 2, or integer, respectively) to Perl as per defining a perl_int; the rational's value is interpreted as the first element multiplied by the result of the second element taken to the power of the third.any_perl, then the payload may be any Perl value, and it is simply coerced into a numeric context as per Perl's own semantics, meaning base-10 where applicable. If something doesn't look numeric, it becomes zero.any_perl_ratio, then the payload is as per perl_int_ratio but that each array element is simply coerced into an integer context. If Perl's coercion of the denominator produces an integer less than 1, it becomes a 1. This may be revised to fail instead.any_perl_float, then the payload is as per perl_int_float but that each array element is simply coerced into an integer context. If Perl's coercion of the radix produces an integer less than 2, it becomes a 2. This may be revised to fail instead.Examples:
[ 'Rat', 'md_radix', '1', '-1.1' ]
[ 'Rat', 'md_radix', '9', '-1.5' ] # same val as prev
[ 'Rat', 'md_radix', '9', '3.14159' ]
[ 'Rat', 'md_radix', 'A', '0.0' ]
[ 'Rat', 'md_radix', 'F', 'DEADBEEF.FACE' ]
[ 'Rat', 'md_radix', 'Z', '0.000AZE' ]
[ 'Rat', 'md_ratio', '6', [ '500001', '1000' ] ]
[ 'Rat', 'md_ratio', 'B', [ 'A09B', 'A' ] ]
[ 'Rat', 'md_float', '1', [ '1011101101', '10', '-11011' ] ]
[ 'Rat', 'md_float', '9', [ '45207196', '10', '37' ] ]
[ 'Rat', 'perl_rat', 21.003 ]
[ 'Rat', 'perl_float', 5.428**295 ]
[ 'Rat', 'perl_int_ratio', [ 1, 43 ] ]
[ 'Rat', 'perl_int_float', [ 314159, 10, -5 ] ]
[ 'Rat', 'any_perl', ' 54.67 ' ]
[ 'Rat', 'any_perl_ratio', [ ' 57 ', ' 71 ' ] ]
[ 'Rat', 'any_perl_float', [ ' 656573456 ', ' 8 ', ' 243323 ' ] ]
This node type represents a rounding method. It has 2 elements:
Str value RatRoundMeth.This node is interpreted as a Muldis D sys.std.Rational.Type.RatRoundMeth value by directly mapping the payload. The payload must be a Perl Str having one of the 7 values half_down, half_up, half_even, to_floor, to_ceiling, to_zero, to_inf.
Examples:
[ 'RatRoundMeth', 'half_up' ]
Go to Muldis::D for the majority of distribution-internal references, and Muldis::D::SeeAlso for the majority of distribution-external references.
Darren Duncan (perl@DarrenDuncan.net)
This file is part of the formal specification of the Muldis D language.
Muldis D is Copyright © 2002-2008, Darren Duncan.
See the LICENSE AND COPYRIGHT of Muldis::D for details.
The TRADEMARK POLICY in Muldis::D applies to this file too.
The ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS in Muldis::D apply to this file too.
