DRAFT: Synopsis 32: Setting Library - Basics
Rod Adams <rod@rodadams.net> Larry Wall <larry@wall.org> Aaron Sherman <ajs@ajs.com> Mark Stosberg <mark@summersault.com> Carl Mäsak <cmasak@gmail.com> Moritz Lenz <moritz@faui2k3.org> Tim Nelson <wayland@wayland.id.au>
Created: 19 Mar 2009 extracted from S29-functions.pod Last Modified: 17 Dec 2009 Version: 4
The document is a draft.
If you read the HTML version, it is generated from the Pod in the specs repository under https://github.com/perl6/specs/blob/master/S32-setting-library/Basics.pod so edit it there in the git repository if you would like to make changes.
The following are defined in the Mu role:
Mu
role Mu { our Bool multi method defined ($self:) is export {...} our Bool multi method defined ($self: ::role ) is export {...} our multi method undefine( $self: ) is export {...} method not() {...} method so() {...} }
our Bool multi method defined ( $self: ) is export our Bool multi method defined ( $self: ::role ) is export
defined returns true if the parameter has a value and that value is considered defined by its type, otherwise false is returned.
defined
Same as Perl 5, only takes extra optional argument to ask if value is defined with respect to a particular role:
defined($x, SomeRole);
A value may be defined according to one role and undefined according to another. Without the extra argument, defaults to the definition of defined supplied by the type of the object.
our multi undefine( Any $thing ) our multi method undefine( Any $self )
Takes any variable as a parameter and attempts to "remove" its definition. For simple scalar variables this means assigning the undefined value to the variable. For objects, this is equivalent to invoking their undefine method. For arrays, hashes and other complex data, this might require emptying the structures associated with the object.
In all cases, calling undefine on a variable should place the object in the same state as if it was just declared.
undefine
method not() {...}
method so() {...}
XXX Copied from S02 -- should it be deleted from there?
The definition of .Bool for the most ancestral type (that is, the Mu type) is equivalent to .defined. Since type objects are considered undefined, all type objects (including Mu itself) are false unless the type overrides the definition of .Bool to include undefined values. Instantiated objects default to true unless the class overrides the definition. Note that if you could instantiate a Mu it would be considered defined, and thus true. (It is not clear that this is allowed, however.)
.Bool
.defined
The following are defined in the Any role:
Any
role Any does Mu does Pattern { our multi method clone (::T $self --> T) {...} our multi method clone (::T $self, *%attributes --> T) {...} our Callable multi method can ($self:, Str $method) {...} our Bool multi method does ($self:, $type) {...} our Bool multi method isa ($self:, $type) {...} our Str multi method perl ( Mu $o: ) is export {...} our multi method warn ( Mu $o: ) is export {...} }
our Callable multi method can ($self:, Str $method)
If there is a multi method of name $method that can be called on $self, then a closure is return which has $self bound to the position of the invocant.
$method
$self
Otherwise an undefined value is returned.
our multi method clone (::T $self --> T) our multi method clone (::T $self, *%attributes --> T)
The first variant returns an independent copy of $o that is equivalent to $o.
$o
The second variant does the same, but any named arguments override an attribute during the cloning process.
our Bool multi method does ($self:, $type)
Returns True if and only if $self conforms to type $type.
True
$type
our Bool multi method isa ($self:, $type)
Returns True if a the invocant an instance of class $type, or of a subset type or a derived class (through inheritance) of $type.
our Str multi method perl ( Mu $o: ) is export
Returns a perlish representation of the object, so that calling eval on the returned string reproduces the object as accurately as possible.
eval
our multi method warn ( Mu $o: ) is export
Throws a resumable warning exception, which is considered a control exception, and hence is invisible to most normal exception handlers. The outermost control handler will print the warning to $*ERR (which usually finds $PROCESS::ERR; see Synopsis 16: IPC / IO / Signals for details). After printing the warning, the exception is resumed where it was thrown. To override this behavior, catch the exception in a CONTROL block. A quietly {...} block is the opposite of a try {...} block in that it will suppress any warnings but pass fatal exceptions through.
$*ERR
$PROCESS::ERR
Synopsis 16: IPC / IO / Signals
To simply print to $*ERR, please use note instead. warn should be reserved for use in threatening situations when you don't quite want to throw an exception.
note
warn
role Pattern { method ACCEPTS($self:, $other) {...} }
Used in smartmatching; see S03.
API document: Scalar
Scalar provides the basic tools for operating on undifferentiated scalar variables. All of the following are exported by default.
Scalar
This is not really a method, but some kind of macro. See S12 for details.
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To install Perl6::Doc, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.
cpanm
cpanm Perl6::Doc
CPAN shell
perl -MCPAN -e shell install Perl6::Doc
For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.