Template::Trivial - Simple (yet powerful) and fast substitution templates
use Template::Trivial; my $tmpl = new Template::Trivial( templates => '/path/to/templates' ); $tmpl->define( main => 'main.tmpl', list => 'list.tmpl' ); $tmpl->define_from_string( item => '<li>{ITEM}' ); for $i ( 1 .. 3 ) { $tmpl->assign( ITEM => "Thingy $_" ); $tmpl->parse( '.ITEMS' => 'item' ); } $tmpl->parse(LIST => 'list' ); $tmpl->parse(MAIN => 'main' ); ## print out print $tmpl->to_string('MAIN');
Template::Trivial is heavily inspired by the excellent and stable CGI::FastTemplate written by Jason Moore. We introduce a slightly modified syntax, fewer features, and a slight execution improvment over CGI::FastTemplate.
The design goals of Template::Trivial were:
quick execution; Template::Trivial runs about 10% faster than CGI::FastTemplate, which is still one of the fastest templating modules on CPAN.
complete separation of code and data: your web designer doesn't need to learn any special syntax other than the template variables ({FOO}, {BLECH}). Web designers can use their favorite editors to write their documents and you (the programmer) supply the logic and populate the variables in your code. A surprising amount of complexity can be achieved very simply using this technique, including loops, if-then constructs, etc.
Many sites using CGI::FastTemplate already know this, but it is common for the programmer to set a variety of variables and then select different templates based on some business rules or other constraints.
lightweight design: Template::Trivial is a pure-Perl module in about 250 lines of code, including liberal comments and vertical whitespace. It is not designed to be memory-efficient (i.e., it will slurp whole files into memory during the parse phase), the belief being that most templates will be rather small. This makes for very fast execution.
For those wanting to dig in, here is an absolute barebones reference. The rest of the document is just details.
Create a template object:
my $tmpl = new Template::Trivial;
Tell the object where your templates are. If you don't specify a directory, templates will be looked for in the current working directory of the process.
$tmpl->templates('/usr/opt/templates');
Define your template aliases and paths. These are how you will reference your templates later on. Paths are relative to the directory you specified in templates. If an absolute path is given (the path begins with a '/'), the path will not be modified.
$tmpl->define( main => 'main.tmpl', head => 'head.tmpl', body => 'body.tmpl', );
This defines three aliases: main, head, and body. Each of them refers to a template file that will be loaded later and parsed.
A sample template 'main' might look like this, if these were HTML templates:
<html> {HEAD} {BODY} </html>
A sample 'body' might look like this:
<body> <h2>{TITLE}</h2> Blah blah blah. </body>
Assign values to template variables. Using the above examples as references, we might do this:
$tmpl->assign(TITLE => "My own web page");
Template variables match the following regular expression:
[A-Z][A-Z0-9_-]*
In English, "An uppercase letter, followed by zero or more uppercase letters, digits, underscores, or hyphens."
Parse the templates; parsing replaces known variables in templates with their associated ("assigned") values, and assigns the results of that substitution to another variable. Thus, when we do this:
$tmpl->parse(BODY => 'body');
the template file aliased by 'body' (which is 'body.tmpl') will be scanned for template variables (e.g., {TITLE}). These variables will be replaced with their corresponding values (e.g., "My own web page"). When all the known variables have been replaced, the resulting template is then assigned to the template variable 'BODY'. That is, this template:
becomes this:
<body> <h2>My own web page</h2> Blah blah blah. </body>
and will be assigned to the 'BODY' template variable. Now that this 'BODY' variable has been assigned, we can parse "higher" templates that require the 'BODY' variable (e.g., 'MAIN').
Print out the resulting template;
print $tmpl->to_string('MAIN');
That's Template::Trivial in a nutshell. Here is a complete example:
Write some templates and put them in files:
<head> <title>{TITLE}</title> </head>
<body> <h2>{TITLE}</h2> This is a {TEST}. </body>
Now, write the program to use the templates:
use Template::Trivial; my $tmpl = new Template::Trivial; $tmpl->define( main => 'main.tmpl', head => 'head.tmpl', body => 'body.tmpl' ); $tmpl->assign(TITLE => "This is the title"); $tmpl->assign(TEST => "Testing 1 2 3..."); $tmpl->parse(HEAD => 'head'); $tmpl->parse(BODY => 'body'); $tmpl->parse(MAIN => 'main'); print $tmpl->to_string('MAIN');
That's it. Here's a play-by-play:
Create the Template::Trivial object:
Tell the object where to find the templates and give aliases for the templates. The aliases are the same pattern as variables except lowercase letters:
$tmpl->define( main => 'main.tmpl', head => 'head.tmpl', body => 'body.tmpl' );
Assign some variable data:
$tmpl->assign(TITLE => "This is the title"); $tmpl->assign(TEST => "Testing 1 2 3...");
Parse the 'head' template (which points to head.tmpl). When this template is parsed, its contents will be saved in the 'HEAD' template variable, which the 'main' template uses:
$tmpl->parse(HEAD => 'head');
So the 'HEAD' variable is now:
<head> <title>This is the title</title> </head>
Parse the 'body' template. This works just like 'head'; it must be processed before 'main' is processed, since 'main' depends on 'BODY' to be already defined:
So the 'BODY' variable is now:
<body> <h2>This is the title</h2> This is a Testing 1 2 3.... </body>
Now parse the "top" template 'main':
$tmpl->parse(MAIN => 'main')
We recall that the 'main' template was:
The parse method replaces the 'HEAD' and 'BODY' variables with their contents:
<html> <head> <title>This is the title</title> </head> <body> <h2>This is the title</h2> This is a Testing 1 2 3.... </body> </html>
This new string is assigned to the variable 'MAIN' in the parse method.
Print out our results:
The following methods are specified in order of how they might appear in a real program (i.e., in the order you might use them).
Create a new template object.
new optionally takes the following arguments:
strict => 0 templates => '/path/to/templates'
Tells the template object where to look for templates you define in from_file.
$tmpl->templates('/path/to/templates');
This may also be set in the constructor. The default value is the empty string ''.
Will emit a warning when any of the following conditions occur:
- a template alias in 'define' does not match the lowercase regular expression pattern: /^[a-z][a-z0-9_-]*?$/ - a file in a 'define' statement is not a regular file or character special device - a variable in 'assign' does not match the uppercase regular expression pattern: /^[A-Z][A-Z0-9_-]*?$/ - a variable in 'assign_from_file' does not match the uppercase regular expression pattern: /^[A-Z][A-Z0-9_-]*?$/ - a file in an 'assign_from_file' statement is not a regular file or character special device - a variable in 'append' does not match the uppercase regular expression pattern: /^[A-Z][A-Z0-9_-]*?$/ - an undefined variable is encountered in a template during 'parse' - an undefined variable is encountered in 'to_string'
Example:
$tmpl->strict(0);
The strict option may be set in the constructor. It defaults to '1'.
Defines a mapping of template aliases to filenames.
$tmpl->define( main => 'main.tmpl', head => '/usr/opt/tmpl/head.tmpl', body => 'body.tmpl', );
The path specified by templates will be prepended to the filenames specified in define, except when the filename begins with a slash '/', in which case the absolute path will be used.
Defines a mapping of template names to the contents of a string.
$tmpl->define_from_string( footer => "created on ${DATE}" );
This is a quick way for a programmer to make a template without writing one to file. Useful for testing or "locking away" parts of a template set. See "Philosophy".
Assigns the specified string to the specified template variable.
$tmpl->assign( FOO => 'this is foo' );
or using a "here" document:
$tmpl->assign( FOO => <<_BLECH_ ); This is a longer foo with multiple lines. _BLECH_
Subsequent assignments to the same template will override previous assignments.
You can make multiple assignments in one call:
$tmpl->assign( FOO => 'foo string', BAR => 'bar string' );
You can also append a string to an existing variable by prepending a dot to the variable:
$tmpl->assign('.FOO' => ' and more foo');
but this is accomplished more cleanly with the append method (below). This usage is deprecated and is included chiefly for CGI::FastTemplate compatibility (and partly for nostalgia).
Assigns the contents of a specified file to the specified variable. Paths are relative to the value of the templates method. from_file may be used multiple times, or may take several list arguments:
$tmpl->assign_from_file( FOO => 'foo.txt', BAR => 'bar.txt' );
is the same as:
$tmpl->assign_from_file( FOO => 'foo.txt' ); $tmpl->assign_from_file( BAR => 'bar.txt' );
If the filename begins with a slash, the value of templates will not be prepended:
$tmpl->assign_from_file( MAH => '/path/to/mah.txt' );
Parses the specified template and saves its results in the specified variable.
$tmpl->parse( MAIN => 'main' );
Multiple variable/alias pairs may be specified:
$tmpl->parse( JOE => 'joe', BOB => 'bob_file');
but the templates are not guaranteed to be parsed in the order specified. Because of this, you should not put codependent templates in the same parse statement.
Returns the contents of a template variable as a string. Useful for assignment or printing.
print $tmpl->to_string('FOO');
That concludes this example.
We'd like to be as complete as CGI::FastTemplate sometime, but we wanted to get this out the door. Here are some features to look for around Q1 or Q2 of 2004.
clear
There is no "clear" method. Currently, you can use the following equivalents:
Clear a template:
$tmpl->define( foo => '' ); $tmpl->define( foo => undef );
Clear a variable:
$tmpl->assign( FOO => '' ); $tmpl->assign( FOO => undef );
from_string, from_file
These would be shortcuts for define_from_string and assign_from_file, but I haven't decided whether it would make things more confusing. This is just my scratch pad, so don't mind me.
A parsed template cache that can be made dirty by assigning a new value to one of its variables or by redefining the template. This would be yet-another-optimization, but I'm not sure if the overhead would kill its potential benefits. It would be worth it if parsed templates were reused often, otherwise it's just more overhead. Something to think about.
Add method aliases for complete CGI::FastTemplate drop-in replacement.
CGI::FastTemplate(3).
Scott Wiersdorf, <scott@perlcode.org>
Copyright (C) 2007 by Scott Wiersdorf
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself, either Perl version 5.8.6 or, at your option, any later version of Perl 5 you may have available.
To install Template::Trivial, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.
cpanm
cpanm Template::Trivial
CPAN shell
perl -MCPAN -e shell install Template::Trivial
For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.