A Perl interpretation of the SimpleGraph developed in Python by Toby Segaran in his book "Programming the Semantic Web", published by O'Reilly, 2009. CPAN modules are used in place of the Python standard library modules used by Mr. Segaran.
my $graph = VANAMBURG::SEMPROG::SimpleGraph->new(); $graph->load("data/place_triples.txt"); $graph->add("Morgan Stanley", "headquarters", "New_York_New_York"); my @sanfran_key = $graph->value(undef,'name','San Francisco'); my @sanfran_triples = $graph->triples($sanfram_key, undef, undef); my @bindings = $g->query([ ['?company', 'headquarters', 'New_York_New_York'], ['?company', 'industry', 'Investment Banking'], ['?contrib', 'contributor', '?company'], ['?contrib', 'recipient', 'Orrin Hatch'], ['?contrib', 'amount', '?dollars'], ]); for my $binding (@bindings){ printf "company=%s, contrib=%s, dollars=%s\n", ($binding->{company},$binding->{contrib},$binding->{dollars}); } $graph->applyinference( VANAMBURG::SEMPROG::GeocodeRule->new() );
This module and it's test suite is inspired by the simple triple store implimentation developed in chapters 2 and 3 of "Programming the Semantic Web" by Toby Segaran, Evans Colin, Taylor Jamie, 2009, O'Reilly. Mr. Segaran uses Python and it's standard library to show the workins of a triple store. This module and it's test make the same demonstration using Perl and CPAN modules, which may be thought of as a Perl companion to the book for readers who are interested in Perl. Copies of Mr. Segaran's test data files are included in this distribution for your convenience.
In addition to SimpleGraph, the triple store, the other exercises presented in chapters 2 and 3 are here interpreted as a set of perl test programs, using Test::More and are found in the modules 't/' directory.
Triple Store Modules
lib/VANAMBURG/SEMPROG/SimpleGraph.pm lib/VANAMBURG/SEMPROG/CloseToRule.pm lib/VANAMBURG/SEMPROG/GeocodeRule.pm lib/VANAMBURG/SEMPROG/InferenceRule.pm lib/VANAMBURG/SEMPROG/TouristyRule.pm lib/VANAMBURG/SEMPROG/WestCoastRule.pm
Module Usage Shown in Tests
t/semprog_ch02_03_places.t t/semprog_ch02_04_celebs.t t/semprog_ch02_05_business.t t/semprog_ch02_moviegraph.t t/semprog_ch03_01_queries.t t/semprog_ch03_02_inference.t t/semprog_ch03_03_chain_of_rules.t t/semprog_ch03_04_shortest_path.t t/semprog_ch03_05_join_graph.t qt/semprog_ch03_chain_of_rules.t
Find out more about, or get the book at http://semprog.com, the Semantic Programming web site.
This module can be installed via cpan. This method resolves dependency issues and is convenient. In brief, it looks something like this in a terminal on linux:
$sudo cpan cpan>install VANAMBURG::SEMPROG::SimpleGraph ... cpan>quit $
All dependencies, as well as the modules are now installed. Leave out 'sudo' if using Strawberry perl on Windows.
You can then download the source package and read and run the test programs.
$tar xzvf VANAMBURG-SEMPROG-SimpleGraph-0.001.tar.gz $cd VANAMBURG-SEMPROG-SimpleGraph-0.001/ $ perl Makefile.PL ... $make ...
Run 'dmake' instead of 'make' if using Strawberry Perl on Windows.
To run all the test programs:
$make test -- Note that some tests require internet access for geo code data.
To run one test:
$prove -Tvl lib - t/semprog_ch03_05_join_graph.t
Version 0.007 was an experiment in using MooseX::Declare. The code remaind the same as version 0.006, except that classes were defined by the 'class' keyword instead of 'package' and methods are defined using 'method' keyword and well defined parameter lists in place of 'sub' and '@_'. 'class' and 'method' are supplied by MooseX::Declare.
The types of changes to the source looks like this.
1) CLASS DECLARATIONS WERE CHANGED OLD PACKAGE STATEMENTS REMOVED: <<package VANAMBURG::SEMPROG::SimpleGraph; <<use Moose; REPLACED WITH MUCH CLEANER DECLARATIONS: >>use MooseX::Declare; >>class VANAMBURG::SEMPROG::SimpleGraph{ 2) METHOD DECLARATIONS WERE CHANGED OLD SUB AND @ARG REMOVED: <<sub _addToIndex{ << my ($self, $index, $a, $b, $c) = @ARG; REPLACED WITH METHOD AND DEFINED OPTIONAL PARAMS: >>method add($sub?, $pred?, $obj?){
Version 0.007, using MooseX::Declare took ten times as long as using Moose alone.Subsequent to this test, version 0.008 was created by rolling back to the Version 0.006 sources.
Performance Profile Index For t/semprog_ch03_01_queries.t Run on Sun Jan 10 01:14:07 2010 Reported on Sun Jan 10 01:16:44 2010 Profile of t/semprog_ch03_01_queries.t for 64.0s, executing 10616075 statements and 3106325 subroutine calls in 119 source files and 194 string evals. Top 15 Subroutines — ordered by exclusive time Calls P F Exclusive Time Inclusive Time Subroutine 374201 2 2 6.10s 8.74s Set::Scalar::Base::::_insert_elements Set::Scalar::Base::_insert_elements 187100 1 1 3.90s 15.2s Set::Scalar::::_insert_hook Set::Scalar::_insert_hook 451618 2 2 3.18s 3.18s Set::Scalar::Base::::_invalidate_cached Set::Scalar::Base::_invalidate_cached 264518 4 3 2.61s 3.88s Set::Scalar::Base::::_make_elements Set::Scalar::Base::_make_elements 109683 3 1 2.45s 26.6s VANAMBURG::SEMPROG::SimpleGraph::::_addToIndexVANAMBURG::SEMPROG::SimpleGraph::_addToIndex 109683 2 1 1.86s 14.0s Set::Scalar::Real::::insert Set::Scalar::Real::insert 187100 2 2 1.85s 17.1s Set::Scalar::Base::::_insert Set::Scalar::Base::_insert 187101 2 2 1.72s 6.10s Set::Scalar::Virtual::::_extend Set::Scalar::Virtual::_extend 77417 1 1 1.63s 9.01s Set::Scalar::::_new_hook Set::Scalar::_new_hook 36561 1 1 1.39s 28.6s VANAMBURG::SEMPROG::SimpleGraph::::addVANAMBURG::SEMPROG::SimpleGraph::add 77417 1 1 1.36s 1.90s Set::Scalar::Real::::_delete Set::Scalar::Real::_delete 77417 1 1 1.32s 6.82s Set::Scalar::Real::::clear Set::Scalar::Real::clear 219366 1 1 1.26s 1.26s Set::Scalar::Base::::_strval Set::Scalar::Base::_strval 77417 1 1 1.11s 4.73s Set::Scalar::Real::::delete Set::Scalar::Real::delete 77419 3 2 1.11s 10.1s Set::Scalar::Base::::new Set::Scalar::Base::new
Performance Profile Index For t/semprog_ch03_01_queries.t Run on Sun Jan 10 01:28:09 2010 Reported on Sun Jan 10 01:38:25 2010 Profile of t/semprog_ch03_01_queries.t for 489s, executing 74793743 statements and 24836936 subroutine calls in 371 source files and 407 string evals. Top 15 Subroutines — ordered by exclusive time Calls P F Exclusive Time Inclusive Time Subroutine 1426306 23 11 38.3s 250s MooseX::Types::TypeDecorator::::AUTOLOAD MooseX::Types::TypeDecorator::AUTOLOAD 438753 1 1 36.5s 186s MooseX::Types::Structured::::__ANON__[MooseX/Types/Structured.pm:745] MooseX::Types::Structured::__ANON__[MooseX/Types/Structured.pm:745] 2304288 3 1 26.0s 30.6s MooseX::Types::TypeDecorator::::__type_constraint MooseX::Types::TypeDecorator::__type_constraint 1280098 6 5 21.2s 163s Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::::check Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::check 548425 2 2 15.1s 18.8s Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::::Defined Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Defined 146251 1 1 12.2s 16.8s MooseX::Method::Signatures::Meta::Method::::__ANON__[MooseX/Method/Signatures/Meta/Method.pm:430] MooseX::Method::Signatures::Meta::Method::__ANON__[MooseX/Method/Signatures/Meta/Method.pm:430] 585005 2 1 11.2s 303s MooseX::Meta::TypeConstraint::Structured::::__ANON__[MooseX/Meta/TypeConstraint/Structured.pm:115] MooseX::Meta::TypeConstraint::Structured::__ANON__[MooseX/Meta/TypeConstraint/Structured.pm:115] 1426306 1 2 9.06s 9.06s MooseX::Types::TypeDecorator::::CORE:match MooseX::Types::TypeDecorator::CORE:match (opcode) 438881 9 7 8.41s 17.2s MooseX::Types::TypeDecorator::::isa MooseX::Types::TypeDecorator::isa 3924871 56 34 7.80s 7.80s Scalar::Util::::blessed Scalar::Util::blessed (xsub) 1426685 7 6 7.22s 7.22s Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::::_compiled_type_constraint Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::_compiled_type_constraint 374201 2 2 6.31s 9.05s Set::Scalar::Base::::_insert_elements Set::Scalar::Base::_insert_elements 219366 4 2 5.35s 227s VANAMBURG::SEMPROG::SimpleGraph::::_addToIndex VANAMBURG::SEMPROG::SimpleGraph::_addToIndex 146251 1 1 4.87s 256s MooseX::Meta::TypeConstraint::ForceCoercion::::validateMooseX::Meta::TypeConstraint::ForceCoercion::validate 146251 1 1 4.87s 263s MooseX::Method::Signatures::Meta::Method::::validate MooseX::Method::Signatures::Meta::Method::validate
Adds a triple to the graph.
$g->add("San Francisco", "inside", "California"); $g->add("Ann Arbor", "inside", "Michigan");
Remove a triple pattern from the graph.
# remove all triples with predicate "inside" $g->remove(undef, "inside", undef);
# retrieve all triples with predicate "inside" my @triples = $g->triples(undef, "inside", undef); # @triples looks like this: # ( # ["San Francisco", "inside", "California"], # ["Ann Arbor", "inside", "Michigan"], # )
Retrieve a single value from a triple.
my $x = $g->value(undef, 'inside', 'Michigan'); # $x contains "Ann Arbor" given examples added.
Returns array of hashrefs where keys are binding variables for triples.
my @bindings = $g->query([ ['?company','headquarters','New_York_New_York'], ['?company','industry','Investment Banking'], ['?cont','contributor','?company'], ['?cont', 'recipient', 'Orrin Hatch'], ['?cont', 'amount', '?dollars'], ]);
Given an InferenceRule, generates additional triples in the triple store.
Loads a csv file in utf8 encoding.
$g->load("some/file.csv");
Loads a json file into a graph. The json file should be formated as follows:
{ "triples" : [ { "s": "your subject 1", "p": "your predicate 1", "o": "your object 1" }, { "s": "your subject 2", "p": "your predicate 2", "o": "your object 2" } ] }
Saves a csv file in utf8 encoding.
See source for details.
Removes a triple from an index and clears up empty indermediate structures.
1 POD Error
The following errors were encountered while parsing the POD:
Non-ASCII character seen before =encoding in '—'. Assuming UTF-8
To install VANAMBURG::SEMPROG::SimpleGraph, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.
cpanm
cpanm VANAMBURG::SEMPROG::SimpleGraph
CPAN shell
perl -MCPAN -e shell install VANAMBURG::SEMPROG::SimpleGraph
For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.